Denarius - Revision history

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External links

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	[[Category:Numismatics]]		[[Category:Numismatics]]
	[[Category:New Testament Latin words and phrases]]		[[Category:New Testament Latin words and phrases]]

			{{Donate}}

Nick: /* External links */

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External links

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	[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA/Denarius.html Denarius]		[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA/Denarius.html Denarius]
	*[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~ekondrat/Octavian3.html From Octavian to Augustus: Images Illustrating His Rise to Power.]		*[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~ekondrat/Octavian3.html From Octavian to Augustus: Images Illustrating His Rise to Power.]

	~~{{dinar}}~~

	[[Category:Coins of ancient Rome]]		[[Category:Coins of ancient Rome]]

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References

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	* 6. The New Deal in Old Rome, HJ Haskell, Alfred K Knoff New York 1939		* 6. The New Deal in Old Rome, HJ Haskell, Alfred K Knoff New York 1939
	* 7. Ancient coin collection 3Wayne G Sayles Pg 21-22		* 7. Ancient coin collection 3Wayne G Sayles Pg 21-22
	* 8. ~~Aurelian, Roman Imperial Coinage reference, Thumbnail Index,~~ http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/aurelian/t.html, retrieved 24 August 2006		* 8. [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/aurelian/t.html Aurelian, Roman Imperial Coinage reference, Thumbnail Index], retrieved 24 August 2006
	* 9. Aurelian Æ Denarius. Rome mint. IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, laureate, draped & cuirassed bust right~~, http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear/s3272.html~~, retrieved 24 August 2006		* 9. [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sear/s3272.html Aurelian Æ Denarius. Rome mint. IMP AVRELIANVS AVG, laureate, draped & cuirassed bust right], retrieved 24 August 2006
	* 10. Katsari, Constantina (2002). "The Concept of Inflation in the Roman Empire". http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpeh/0204001.html. Retrieved 2006-12-06.		* 10. Katsari, Constantina (2002). "The Concept of Inflation in the Roman Empire". http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpeh/0204001.html. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
	* 11. English Coinage 600–1900 by C.H.V. Sutherland 1973 ISBN 0 7134 0731 X p.10		* 11. English Coinage 600–1900 by C.H.V. Sutherland 1973 ISBN 0 7134 0731 X p.10

Nick: /* References */

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References

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 ==References==
 . [http://coins.about.com/od/coinsglossary/g/denarius_define.htm Denarius – A roman soldiers daily pay!]
 == External links ==

Nick: /* See also */

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Nick: /* Value */

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Value

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	==Value==		==Value==
	[[Image:Antonia1.jpg\|thumb\|[[Antonia (gens)\|Quintus Antonius Balbus]] (c. 82-83 BC)]]		[[Image:Antonia1.jpg\|thumb\|[[Antonia (gens)\|Quintus Antonius Balbus]] (c. [[82 BC\|82]]-[[83 BC]])]]
	The gold ''[[aureus]]'' seems to have been a "currency of account," a denomination not commonly seen in daily transactions due to its high value. Numismatists think that the aureus was used to pay bonuses to the legions at the accession of new emperors. It was valued at 25 denarii.{		The gold ''[[aureus]]'' seems to have been a "currency of account," a denomination not commonly seen in daily transactions due to its high value. Numismatists think that the aureus was used to pay bonuses to the legions at the accession of new emperors. It was valued at 25 denarii.{

	1 [[gold]] [[aureus]] = 2 gold [[quinarius\|quinarii]] = 25 silver denarii = 50 [[silver]] [[quinarius\|quinarii]] =100 [[bronze]] [[sestertius\|sestertii]] = 200 bronze [[dupondius\|dupondii]] = 400 [[copper]] [[as (coin)\|as]] = 800 copper [[semis]]ses = 1600 copper [[quadrans]]		1 [[gold]] [[aureus]] = 2 gold [[quinarius\|quinarii]] = 25 silver denarii = 50 [[silver]] [[quinarius\|quinarii]] =100 [[bronze]] [[sestertius\|sestertii]] = 200 bronze [[dupondius\|dupondii]] = 400 [[copper]] [[as (coin)\|as]] = 800 copper [[semis]]ses = 1600 copper [[quadrans]]

	The [[Bible]] refers to the denarius as a day's wage for a common laborer ([[~~Gospel of Matthew\|~~Matthew]] 20:2 ~~[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=47&chapter=20&verse=2&version=31&context=verse~~]; [[~~Gospel of~~ John~~\|John]]~~ 12:5 ~~[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=jn%2012:5;&version=31;~~]).The value of the denarius is referred to, though perhaps not literally, in the Bible at [[~~Book of Revelation\|~~Revelation]] 6:6: "And I heard something like a voice in the center of the four living creatures saying, 'A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius [Latin Vulgate: ''bilibris tritici denario et tres bilibres hordei denario'', δηναρίου in the original Greek]; and do not damage the oil and the wine.'"		The [[Bible]] refers to the denarius as a day's wage for a common laborer ([[Matthew 20:2]] [[John 12:5]]).The value of the denarius is referred to, though perhaps not literally, in the Bible at [[Revelation 6:6]]: "And I heard something like a voice in the center of the four living creatures saying, 'A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius [Latin Vulgate: ''bilibris tritici denario et tres bilibres hordei denario'', δηναρίου in the original Greek]; and do not damage the oil and the wine.'"

	==See also==		==See also==

Nick: /* Influences */

2011-02-20T04:46:39Z

Influences

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	==Influences==<!-- This section is linked from [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] -->		==Influences==<!-- This section is linked from [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] -->
	Even after the denarius was no longer regularly issued, it continued to be used as an accounting device and the name was applied to later Roman coins in a way that is not understood. The [[Arab]]s who conquered large parts of the Roman Empire issued their own [[Gold dinar]], from which the name ''[[dinar]]'' of various present-day Arab currencies is derived. The lasting legacy of the denarius can be seen in the use of "d" as the abbreviation for the British [[penny]] prior to 1971.<sup>[]</sup> It survived in [[France]] as the name of a coin, the [[French denier\|denier]]. The denarius also survives in the common Arabic name for a currency unit, the ''[[dinar]]'' used from pre-Islamic times, and still used in several modern Arabic-speaking nations. Currency unit in former [[Yugoslavia]] and nowadays in [[Serbia]] is ''[[dinar]]'' which also has its origins in the Latin word ''denarius''. The [[Republic of Macedonia\|Macedonian]] currency ''[[denar]]'' is also derived from the Roman denarius. The [[Italian language\|Italian]] word ''denaro'', [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] word ''dinero'', the [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] word ''dinheiro'', the [[Slovene language\|Slovene]] word ''denar'' and the [[Catalan language\|Catalan]] word ''diner'', all meaning money, are also derived from Latin "denarius."		Even after the denarius was no longer regularly issued, it continued to be used as an accounting device and the name was applied to later Roman coins in a way that is not understood. The [[Arab]]s who conquered large parts of the Roman Empire issued their own [[Gold dinar]], from which the name ''[[dinar]]'' of various present-day Arab currencies is derived. The lasting legacy of the denarius can be seen in the use of "d" as the abbreviation for the British [[penny]] prior to [[1971 AD\|1971]].<sup>[11]</sup> It survived in [[France]] as the name of a coin, the [[French denier\|denier]]. The denarius also survives in the common Arabic name for a currency unit, the ''[[dinar]]'' used from pre-Islamic times, and still used in several modern Arabic-speaking nations. Currency unit in former [[Yugoslavia]] and nowadays in [[Serbia]] is ''[[dinar]]'' which also has its origins in the Latin word ''denarius''. The [[Republic of Macedonia\|Macedonian]] currency ''[[denar]]'' is also derived from the Roman denarius. The [[Italian language\|Italian]] word ''denaro'', [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] word ''dinero'', the [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] word ''dinheiro'', the [[Slovene language\|Slovene]] word ''denar'' and the [[Catalan language\|Catalan]] word ''diner'', all meaning money, are also derived from Latin "denarius."

	==Value==		==Value==

Nick: /* Comparisons and silver content */

2011-02-20T04:46:19Z

Comparisons and silver content

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	==Comparisons and silver content==		==Comparisons and silver content==
	It is problematic to give even rough comparative values for money from before the 20th century, due to vastly different types of products and of the impossibility of making an accurate price index based on vastly different spending proportions. Its purchasing power in terms of bread has been estimated at [[United States dollar\|US$]]21, from 2005, in the first century. Classical historians regularly say that in the late [[Roman Republic]] and early [[Roman Empire]] the daily wage for an unskilled laborer and common soldier was 1 denarius without tax, or about US$20 in bread.~~{{Citation needed\|date=December 2007}}~~ (By comparison, a laborer earning the [[minimum wage in the United States]] makes US$58 for an 8-hour day, before taxes.) The actual silver content of the Denarius was about 50 [[grain (measure)\|grains]], or ~~{{frac\|1\|10}}~~ [[troy ounce]] under the Empire. In 2010, this corresponds to approximately US$2.70 in value if the silver were 0.999 pure (which it wasn't). ~~{{Citation needed\|date=February 2007}}~~		It is problematic to give even rough comparative values for money from before the 20th century, due to vastly different types of products and of the impossibility of making an accurate price index based on vastly different spending proportions. Its purchasing power in terms of bread has been estimated at [[United States dollar\|US$]]21, from 2005, in the first century. Classical historians regularly say that in the late [[Roman Republic]] and early [[Roman Empire]] the daily wage for an unskilled laborer and common soldier was 1 denarius without tax, or about US$20 in bread. (By comparison, a laborer earning the [[minimum wage in the United States]] makes US$58 for an 8-hour day, before taxes.) The actual silver content of the Denarius was about 50 [[grain (measure)\|grains]], or 1⁄10 [[troy ounce]] under the Empire. In 2010, this corresponds to approximately US$2.70 in value if the silver were 0.999 pure (which it wasn't).
	[[Image:Denarius-Domitilla-RIC 0137.jpg\|thumb\|[[Domitilla the Elder\|Flavia Domitilla]], wife of [[Vespasian]] and mother of [[Titus]] and [[Domitian]].]]		[[Image:Denarius-Domitilla-RIC 0137.jpg\|thumb\|[[Domitilla the Elder\|Flavia Domitilla]], wife of [[Vespasian]] and mother of [[Titus]] and [[Domitian]].]]
	The fineness of the silver content varied with political and economic circumstances. By the reign of [[Gallienus]], the antoninianus was a copper coin with a thin silver wash.<sup>[]</sup>		The fineness of the silver content varied with political and economic circumstances. By the reign of [[Gallienus]], the antoninianus was a copper coin with a thin silver wash.<sup>[10]</sup>

	==Influences==<!-- This section is linked from [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] -->		==Influences==<!-- This section is linked from [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] -->

Nick: /* History */

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History

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	==History==		==History==
	An early form of the denarius was first struck five years before the first [[Punic War]], in 269 B.C.<sup>[]</sup> with a weight of 6.8 grams on average at the time or ~~{{frac\|1\|48}}~~ of a Roman pound. Contact with the Greeks prompted a need for silver coinage in addition to the bronze [[As (coin)\|asses]] the Romans were using at that time. This was a Greek-style silver coin, very similar to didrachm and [[greek drachma\|drachma]] struck in Metapntum and other Greek cities in Southern Italy. These coins were inscribed for Rome, but closely resemble their Greek counterparts. They were most likely used for trade purposes and seldom used in Rome.		An early form of the denarius was first struck five years before the first [[Punic War]], in [[269 BC\|269 B.C.]]<sup>[1]</sup> with a weight of 6.8 grams on average at the time or 1⁄48 of a Roman pound. Contact with the Greeks prompted a need for silver coinage in addition to the bronze [[As (coin)\|asses]] the Romans were using at that time. This was a Greek-style silver coin, very similar to didrachm and [[greek drachma\|drachma]] struck in Metapntum and other Greek cities in Southern Italy. These coins were inscribed for Rome, but closely resemble their Greek counterparts. They were most likely used for trade purposes and seldom used in Rome.

	Around 225 B.C. the first distinctively Roman silver coin appears.<sup>[]</sup> Classic historians often cite these coins as denarii, but they are classified by modern numismatists as [[quadrigatus]]. The name [[quadrigatus]] comes from the quadriga or four-horse chariot on the reverse, which was the prototype for the most common designs used on Roman silver coins for the next 150 years.<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup>		Around 225 B.C. the first distinctively Roman silver coin appears.<sup>[2]</sup> Classic historians often cite these coins as denarii, but they are classified by modern numismatists as [[quadrigatus]]. The name [[quadrigatus]] comes from the quadriga or four-horse chariot on the reverse, which was the prototype for the most common designs used on Roman silver coins for the next 150 years.<sup>[3]</sup><sup>[4]</sup><sup>[5]</sup>

	Rome overhauled its coinage around 211 B.C. and introduced a standardized denarius alongside a short lived denomination called the [[victoriatus]]. This standardized denarius contained 4.5 grams on average at the time or ~~{{frac\|1\|72}}~~ of a Roman pound of silver. It was the backbone of Roman currency through the [[Roman Republic]] with fair consistency at this weight. <sup>[]</sup>		Rome overhauled its coinage around [[211 BC\|211 B.C.]] and introduced a standardized denarius alongside a short lived denomination called the [[victoriatus]]. This standardized denarius contained 4.5 grams on average at the time or 1⁄72 of a Roman pound of silver. It was the backbone of Roman currency through the [[Roman Republic]] with fair consistency at this weight. <sup>[6]</sup>

	The denarius began to experience slow debasement towards the end of the Republic. Under the rule of [[Augustus]] its silver content fell to 3.9 grams (a theoretical weight of ~~{{frac\|1\|84}}~~ of a Roman pound). It then remained at near this weight until the time of [[Nero]], when it was reduced to ~~{{frac\|1\|96}}~~ of a pound, or 3.4 grams. Regular debasement of the silver began after Nero. Later Roman emperors reduced it to a weight of 3 grams around the late 3rd century.<sup>[]</sup>		The denarius began to experience slow debasement towards the end of the Republic. Under the rule of [[Augustus]] its silver content fell to 3.9 grams (a theoretical weight of 1⁄84 of a Roman pound). It then remained at near this weight until the time of [[Nero]], when it was reduced to 1⁄96 of a pound, or 3.4 grams. Regular debasement of the silver began after Nero. Later Roman emperors reduced it to a weight of 3 grams around the late 3rd century.<sup>[7]</sup>

	The value at its introduction was 10 [[as (coin)\|asses]], giving the denarius its name which translates to "containing ten". In about 141 BC it was re-tariffed at 16 asses, to reflect the decrease in weight of the [[as (coin)\|as]]. The denarius continued to be the main coin of the [[Roman Empire]] until it was replaced by the [[antoninianus]] in the middle of the 3rd century. The last issuance for this coin seems to be bronze coins issued by [[Aurelian]] between 270 and 275 AD, and in the first years of the reign of [[Diocletian]]. For more details, see the article 'Denarius' in A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins by John R. Melville-Jones (1990).<sup>[]</sup><sup>[]</sup>		The value at its introduction was 10 [[as (coin)\|asses]], giving the denarius its name which translates to "containing ten". In about [[141 BC\|141 B.C.]] it was re-tariffed at 16 asses, to reflect the decrease in weight of the [[as (coin)\|as]]. The denarius continued to be the main coin of the [[Roman Empire]] until it was replaced by the [[antoninianus]] in the middle of the 3rd century. The last issuance for this coin seems to be bronze coins issued by [[Aurelian]] between [[270 BC\|270]] and [[275 AD]], and in the first years of the reign of [[Diocletian]]. For more details, see the article 'Denarius' in A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins by John R. Melville-Jones ([[1990 AD\|1990]]).<sup>[8]</sup><sup>[9]</sup>

	==Comparisons and silver content==		==Comparisons and silver content==

Nick: /* Influences */

2011-02-20T04:35:42Z

Influences

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	==Influences==<!-- This section is linked from [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] -->		==Influences==<!-- This section is linked from [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] -->
	Even after the denarius was no longer regularly issued, it continued to be used as an accounting device and the name was applied to later Roman coins in a way that is not understood. The [[Arab]]s who conquered large parts of the Roman Empire issued their own [[Gold dinar]], from which the name ''[[dinar]]'' of various present-day Arab currencies is derived. The lasting legacy of the denarius can be seen in the use of "d" as the abbreviation for the British [[penny]] prior to 1971.<sup>[]</sup> It survived in [[France]] as the name of a coin, the [[French denier\|denier]]. The denarius also survives in the common Arabic name for a currency unit, the ''[[dinar]]'' used from pre-Islamic times, and still used in several modern Arabic-speaking nations. Currency unit in former [[Yugoslavia]] and nowadays in [[Serbia]] is ''[[dinar]]'' which also has its origins in the Latin word ''denarius''. The [[Republic of Macedonia\|Macedonian]] currency ''[[denar]]'' is also derived from the Roman denarius. The [[Italian language\|Italian]] word ''denaro'', [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] word ''dinero'', the [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] word ''dinheiro'', the [[Slovene language\|Slovene]] word ''~~{{lang\|sl\|~~denar}}'' and the [[Catalan language\|Catalan]] word ''diner'', all meaning money, are also derived from Latin "denarius."		Even after the denarius was no longer regularly issued, it continued to be used as an accounting device and the name was applied to later Roman coins in a way that is not understood. The [[Arab]]s who conquered large parts of the Roman Empire issued their own [[Gold dinar]], from which the name ''[[dinar]]'' of various present-day Arab currencies is derived. The lasting legacy of the denarius can be seen in the use of "d" as the abbreviation for the British [[penny]] prior to 1971.<sup>[]</sup> It survived in [[France]] as the name of a coin, the [[French denier\|denier]]. The denarius also survives in the common Arabic name for a currency unit, the ''[[dinar]]'' used from pre-Islamic times, and still used in several modern Arabic-speaking nations. Currency unit in former [[Yugoslavia]] and nowadays in [[Serbia]] is ''[[dinar]]'' which also has its origins in the Latin word ''denarius''. The [[Republic of Macedonia\|Macedonian]] currency ''[[denar]]'' is also derived from the Roman denarius. The [[Italian language\|Italian]] word ''denaro'', [[Spanish language\|Spanish]] word ''dinero'', the [[Portuguese language\|Portuguese]] word ''dinheiro'', the [[Slovene language\|Slovene]] word ''denar'' and the [[Catalan language\|Catalan]] word ''diner'', all meaning money, are also derived from Latin "denarius."

	==Value==		==Value==

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Commons\|Denarius}}~~
	*[[Roman currency]]		*[[Roman currency]]
	*[[Sestertius]]		*[[Sestertius]]