León palimpsest - Revision history

Nick: /* Description */

2025-10-27T10:00:59Z

Description

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	The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed: Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.		The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed: Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.

			== H.A.G. Houghton ==
			• VL 67 León, Archivo Catedralicio, 15 Palimpsestus Legionensis. Remains of a Latin Bible (epcar). Copied in the seventh century, possibly in Toledo. Palimpsested in the tenth century with Rufinus’
			translation of Eusebius’ Historia ecclesiastica in Visigothic minuscule. Spanish half-uncial script. The original manuscript consisted of around 322 folios, of which 48 remain (original size at least 48x35 cm). Two columns of 71–6 lines (36½ x 28½ cm). Parchment; black ink. (Houghton, The Latin New Testament, 2017, p. 240)

			• A different combination of Old Latin and the Vulgate (of Jerome) is seen in VL 67 (the Leon Palimpsest). This is the oldest surviving Latin biblical pandect, a large format manuscript copied in Toledo in the seventh century but re-used three centuries later. The surviving pages show that, while its text of the Pauline Epistles is Vulgate, the Catholic Epistles and part of Acts have an Old Latin affiliation with similarities to Cyprian and [PAGE 64] Tyconius, as well as the fifth century Portuguese writer Orosius (Contra Varimadum). (Houghton, The Latin New Testament, 2017, p. 63-64)

	== Comma Johanneum ==		== Comma Johanneum ==

Nick: /* Comma Johanneum */

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Comma Johanneum

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	== Comma Johanneum ==		== Comma Johanneum ==
	In Spanish half-uncial script, it has the earthly before heavenly:		In Spanish half-uncial script, it has the earthly before heavenly:
	:Hic est qui venit per aquam et SPM et sanguinem IHS XRS et non tantum in aqua sed in aqua et		:Hic est qui venit per aquam et SPM et sanguinem IHS XRS et non tantum in aqua sed in aqua et sanguine et SPS est testimonium quia SPS est veritas quoniam tres sunt qui testimonium dant in terra SPS et aqua et sanguis et tres sunt qui testimonium dicunt in caelo pater et verbum et SPS SCS et hi tres unum sunt in XPO IHU si testimonium hominum accipimus testimonium DI qui testi- ficatus est de filio suo. (Transcribed by Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate, 1893, p. 10)
	sanguine et SPS est testimonium quia SPS est veritas quoniam tres sunt qui testimonium dant in terra
	SPS et aqua et sanguis et tres sunt qui testimonium dicunt in caelo pater et verbum et SPS SCS et hi tres
	unum sunt in XPO IHU si testimonium hominum accipimus testimonium DI qui testi- ficatus est de filio
	suo. (Transcribed by Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate, 1893, p. 10)
	Mike Ferrando translated is as:		Mike Ferrando translated is as:
	:This is the one who is coming in water and Spirit and blood, Jesus Christ and not so great as in water only but in water and blood and the Spirit is the witness because the Spirit is the truth Since there are three that are witnessing in earth the Spirit, and the water and the blood and the three are one because there are three that are witnessing in heaven the Father and the Word and the Spirit Holy and these three are one in Christ Jesus.		:This is the one who is coming in water and Spirit and blood, Jesus Christ and not so great as in water only but in water and blood and the Spirit is the witness because the Spirit is the truth Since there are three that are witnessing in earth the Spirit, and the water and the blood and the three are one because there are three that are witnessing in heaven the Father and the Word and the Spirit Holy and these three are one in Christ Jesus.

Nick: /* Comma Johanneum */

2025-10-27T09:55:53Z

Comma Johanneum

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:55, 27 October 2025
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	== Comma Johanneum ==		== Comma Johanneum ==
	In Spanish half-uncial script, it has the earthly before heavenly:		In Spanish half-uncial script, it has the earthly before heavenly:
	:~~“Quoniam]~~ tres sunt qui ~~t[estimonium~~ dant in terra~~] spiritus~~ et [aqua et sanguis, et tres sunt] qui ~~tes[timonium~~ dicunt in ~~cælo, pa]ter [~~et ~~uerbum~~ et ~~spiritus sanctus~~ et hi tres unum] sunt [in ~~Christo Ιhesu]~~.		:Hic est qui venit per aquam et SPM et sanguinem IHS XRS et non tantum in aqua sed in aqua et
	~~verse 7~~ is ~~translated~~ as:		sanguine et SPS est testimonium quia SPS est veritas quoniam tres sunt qui testimonium dant in terra
	:and there are three ~~which bear testimony~~ in heaven, the Father, and the Word, and the Holy ~~Spirit,~~ and these three are one in Christ Jesus~~" - earthly before heavenly~~		SPS et aqua et sanguis et tres sunt qui testimonium dicunt in caelo pater et verbum et SPS SCS et hi tres
			unum sunt in XPO IHU si testimonium hominum accipimus testimonium DI qui testi- ficatus est de filio
			suo. (Transcribed by Berger, Histoire de la Vulgate, 1893, p. 10)
			Mike Ferrando translated is as:
			:This is the one who is coming in water and Spirit and blood, Jesus Christ and not so great as in water only but in water and blood and the Spirit is the witness because the Spirit is the truth Since there are three that are witnessing in earth the Spirit, and the water and the blood and the three are one because there are three that are witnessing in heaven the Father and the Word and the Spirit Holy and these three are one in Christ Jesus.

	== History ==		== History ==

Nick at 09:51, 27 October 2025

2025-10-27T09:51:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:51, 27 October 2025
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	The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed: Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.		The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed: Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.

			== Comma Johanneum ==
			In Spanish half-uncial script, it has the earthly before heavenly:
			:“Quoniam] tres sunt qui t[estimonium dant in terra] spiritus et [aqua et sanguis, et tres sunt] qui tes[timonium dicunt in cælo, pa]ter [et uerbum et spiritus sanctus et hi tres unum] sunt [in Christo Ιhesu].
			verse 7 is translated as:
			:and there are three which bear testimony in heaven, the Father, and the Word, and the Holy Spirit, and these three are one in Christ Jesus" - earthly before heavenly

	== History ==		== History ==

Nick at 09:28, 27 October 2025

2025-10-27T09:28:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:28, 27 October 2025
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	The '''León Palimpsest''', designated '''l''' or '''67''' (in the Beuron system), is a 7th-century [[Latin]] manuscript pandect of the [[Christian Bible]] conserved in the [[León Cathedral\|cathedral of León]], Spain. The text, written on [[vellum]], is in a fragmentary condition. In some parts it represents the [[Vetus Latina\|Old Latin]] version, while follows [[Jerome]]'s [[Vulgate]] in others. The codex is a [[palimpsest]].<sup>[1]</sup> From its location in León, this is sometimes referred to as the Codex Legionensis; but this name is more commonly applied to the 10th-century Vulgate Bible at the [[Basílica de San Isidoro, León]] (133 in the Beuron system). Nor should the León palimpsest be confused with another 10th-century pandect in León, of which the second volume is conserved in the cathedral archive ~~and is~~ number 193 in the Beuron system.		The '''León Palimpsest''', designated '''l''' or '''67''' (in the Beuron system),<sup>[1]</sup> is a 7th-century [[Latin]] manuscript [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandect pandect] of the [[Christian Bible]] conserved in the [[León Cathedral\|cathedral of León]], Spain. The text, written on [[vellum]], is in a fragmentary condition. In some parts it represents the [[Vetus Latina\|Old Latin]] version, while follows [[Jerome]]'s [[Vulgate]] in others. The codex is a [[palimpsest]].<sup>[2]</sup>

			From its location in León, this is sometimes referred to as the Codex Legionensis; but this name is more commonly applied to the 10th-century Vulgate Bible at the [[Basílica de San Isidoro, León]] (''Codex Gothicus Legionensis'', or 91, 92 and 133 in the Beuron system).<sup>[1]</sup> Nor should the León palimpsest be confused with another 10th-century pandect in León, of which the second volume is conserved in the cathedral archive of Léon (number 193 in the Beuron system).<sup>[1]</sup>

	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The text of the New Testament has survived on 40 leaves of the codex. The leaves have measures 37 by 24~~ ~~cm. The text is written in 2 columns of 38-55 lines per page.<sup>[2]</sup> The text is written in a semi-uncial hand, in Visigothic characters. The fragments contain texts of [[James 4:4]] - [[1 Peter 3:14]]; [[1 John 1:5]] - [[3 John 10]]; [[Acts 7:27]]-[[Acts 11:13\|11:13]]; [[Acts 14:21\|14:21]]-[[Acts 17:25\|17:25]]. It contains also a fragment of the [[Books of Maccabees]].<sup>[3]</sup> The text of the codex represent a Vulgate with Old Latin elements, especially in the [[First Epistle of John]].<sup>[1]</sup> The text is close to the [[Liber Comicus]].<sup>[3]</sup> The codex also contains the text of the [[Comma Johanneum]] ([[1 John 5:7]]).<sup>[4]</sup> As it is a [[palimpsest]], the text could be overwritten. The younger upper text contains a 10th-century writing of [[Rufinus of Aquileia\|Rufinus]]' translation of [[Eusebius]]' ''[[Church History (Eusebius)\|Church history]]''.<sup>[3]</sup> The whole book contains 275 leaves.<sup>[2]</sup>		The text of the New Testament has survived on 40 leaves of the codex. The leaves have measures 37 by 24 cm. The text is written in 2 columns of 38-55 lines per page.<sup>[3]</sup> The text is written in a semi-uncial hand, in Visigothic characters. The fragments contain texts of [[James 4:4]] - [[1 Peter 3:14]]; [[1 John 1:5]] - [[3 John 10]]; [[Acts 7:27]]-[[Acts 11:13\|11:13]]; [[Acts 14:21\|14:21]]-[[Acts 17:25\|17:25]]. It contains also a fragment of the [[Books of Maccabees]].<sup>[4]</sup> The text of the codex represent a Vulgate with Old Latin elements, especially in the [[First Epistle of John]].<sup>[2]</sup> The text is close to the [[Liber Comicus]].<sup>[4]</sup> The codex also contains the text of the [[Comma Johanneum]] ([[1 John 5:7]]).<sup>[5]</sup> As it is a [[palimpsest]], the text could be overwritten. The younger upper text contains a 10th-century writing of [[Rufinus of Aquileia\|Rufinus]]' translation of [[Eusebius]]' ''[[Church History (Eusebius)\|Church history]]''.<sup>[4]</sup> The whole book contains 275 leaves of which 185 have had their underwiting deciphered.<sup>[3]</sup><sup>[6]</sup>

	The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed:		The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed: Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, [[Ecclesiastes]], [[Song of Songs]], Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.
	Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.

	== History ==		== History ==
	The biblical underwriting has been dated by [[F. H. A. Scrivener]], Samuel Berger, and [[Bruce M. Metzger]]<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[5]</sup> to the 7th century.<sup>[6]</sup>		The biblical underwriting has been dated by [[F. H. A. Scrivener]], Samuel Berger, and [[Bruce M. Metzger]]<sup>[2]</sup><sup>[8]</sup> to the 7th century.<sup>[9]</sup>

	It was discovered by [[Rudolf Beer]]. It was examined and described by Samuel Berger<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[7]</sup> It was examined by [[Bonifatius Fischer]] and Thiele.<sup>[3]</sup> Fischer edited its text in 1963.<sup>[5]</sup>		It was discovered by [[Rudolf Beer]]. It was examined and described by Samuel Berger<sup>[2]</sup><sup>[10]</sup> It was examined by [[Bonifatius Fischer]] and Thiele.<sup>[4]</sup> Fischer edited its text in 1963.<sup>[8]</sup>

	Currently it is housed in the archive of [[León Cathedral]], where it is designated as codex 15.<sup>[3]</sup> The manuscript is cited in several [[textual criticism\|critical texts]] of the Greek and Latin New Testament.<sup>[6]</sup>		Currently it is housed in the archive of [[León Cathedral]], where it is designated as codex 15.<sup>[4]</sup> The manuscript is cited in several [[textual criticism\|critical texts]] of the Greek and Latin New Testament.<sup>[9]</sup>

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	== References ==		== References ==

	* 1. Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 72.		* 1. Piggin, Jean-Baptiste (2019). "The Original Beuron Numbers of 1949 With Links". ''piggin.net''. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
	* 2. Gregory, Caspar René (1902). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 712. ISBN 1-4021-6347-9.		* 2. Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 72.
	* 3. Bruce M. Metzger, ''The Early Versions of the New Testament'', Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.		* 3. Gregory, Caspar René (1902). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 712. ISBN 1-4021-6347-9.
	* 4. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (1993). The Greek New Testament. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 819. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]		* 4. Bruce M. Metzger, ''The Early Versions of the New Testament'', Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.
	* 5. Léon Vaganay, Christian-Bernard Amphoux, Jenny Heimerdinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z3XFkk27-YYC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''An introduction to New Testament textual criticism''], Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 29.		* 5. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (1993). The Greek New Testament. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 819. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]
	* 6. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (2009). The Greek New Testament (4 ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 25*. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]		* 6. Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2013), "The Latin Bible, c. 600 to c. 900", in Marsden, Richard; Matter, E. Ann (eds.), ''The New Cambridge History of the Bible; Volume 2; from 600 to 1450'', CUP, p. 74
	* 7. Berger, Samuel (1893). [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul01berggoog#page/n414/mode/2up Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age] (in French). Paris. p. 384.		* 7. Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2013), "The Latin Bible, c. 600 to c. 900", in Marsden, Richard; Matter, E. Ann (eds.), ''The New Cambridge History of the Bible; Volume 2; from 600 to 1450'', CUP, p. 75
			* 8. Léon Vaganay, Christian-Bernard Amphoux, Jenny Heimerdinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z3XFkk27-YYC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''An introduction to New Testament textual criticism''], Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 29.
			* 9. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (2009). ''The Greek New Testament'' (4 ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 25*. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]
			* 10. Berger, Samuel (1893). ''[https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul01berggoog#page/n414/mode/2up Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age]'' (in French). Paris. p. 384.

	{{Donate}}		{{Donate}}

Nick: /* History */

2020-12-28T07:07:41Z

History

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:07, 28 December 2020
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	The biblical underwriting has been dated by [[F. H. A. Scrivener]], Samuel Berger, and [[Bruce M. Metzger]]<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[5]</sup> to the 7th century.<sup>[6]</sup>		The biblical underwriting has been dated by [[F. H. A. Scrivener]], Samuel Berger, and [[Bruce M. Metzger]]<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[5]</sup> to the 7th century.<sup>[6]</sup>

	It was discovered by [[Rudolf Beer]]. It was examined and described by Samuel Berger<sup>[1]</sup><<sup>[7]</sup> It was examined by [[Bonifatius Fischer]] and Thiele.<sup>[3]</sup> Fischer edited its text in 1963.<sup>[5]</sup>		It was discovered by [[Rudolf Beer]]. It was examined and described by Samuel Berger<sup>[1]</sup><sup>[7]</sup> It was examined by [[Bonifatius Fischer]] and Thiele.<sup>[3]</sup> Fischer edited its text in 1963.<sup>[5]</sup>

	Currently it is housed in the archive of [[León Cathedral]], where it is designated as codex 15.<sup>[3]</sup> The manuscript is cited in several [[textual criticism\|critical texts]] of the Greek and Latin New Testament.<sup>[6]</sup>		Currently it is housed in the archive of [[León Cathedral]], where it is designated as codex 15.<sup>[3]</sup> The manuscript is cited in several [[textual criticism\|critical texts]] of the Greek and Latin New Testament.<sup>[6]</sup>

Nick: /* Description */

2020-12-28T07:07:12Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:07, 28 December 2020
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	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The text of the New Testament has survived on 40 leaves of the codex. The leaves have measures 37 by 24 cm. The text is written in 2 columns of 38-55 lines per page.<sup>[2]</sup> The text is written in a semi-uncial hand, in Visigothic characters. The fragments contain texts of [[James 4:4]] - [[1 Peter 3:14]]; [[1 John 1:5]] - [[3 John 10]]; [[Acts 7:27]]-Acts 11:13\|11:13]]; [[Acts 14:21\|14:21]]-[[Acts 17:25\|17:25]]. It contains also a fragment of the [[Books of Maccabees]].<sup>[3]</sup> The text of the codex represent a Vulgate with Old Latin elements, especially in the [[First Epistle of John]].<sup>[1]</sup> The text is close to the [[Liber Comicus]].<sup>[3]</sup> The codex also contains the text of the [[Comma Johanneum]] ([[1 John 5:7]]).<sup>[4]</sup> As it is a [[palimpsest]], the text could be overwritten. The younger upper text contains a 10th-century writing of [[Rufinus of Aquileia\|Rufinus]]' translation of [[Eusebius]]' ''[[Church History (Eusebius)\|Church history]]''.<sup>[3]</sup> The whole book contains 275 leaves.<sup>[2]</sup>		The text of the New Testament has survived on 40 leaves of the codex. The leaves have measures 37 by 24 cm. The text is written in 2 columns of 38-55 lines per page.<sup>[2]</sup> The text is written in a semi-uncial hand, in Visigothic characters. The fragments contain texts of [[James 4:4]] - [[1 Peter 3:14]]; [[1 John 1:5]] - [[3 John 10]]; [[Acts 7:27]]-[[Acts 11:13\|11:13]]; [[Acts 14:21\|14:21]]-[[Acts 17:25\|17:25]]. It contains also a fragment of the [[Books of Maccabees]].<sup>[3]</sup> The text of the codex represent a Vulgate with Old Latin elements, especially in the [[First Epistle of John]].<sup>[1]</sup> The text is close to the [[Liber Comicus]].<sup>[3]</sup> The codex also contains the text of the [[Comma Johanneum]] ([[1 John 5:7]]).<sup>[4]</sup> As it is a [[palimpsest]], the text could be overwritten. The younger upper text contains a 10th-century writing of [[Rufinus of Aquileia\|Rufinus]]' translation of [[Eusebius]]' ''[[Church History (Eusebius)\|Church history]]''.<sup>[3]</sup> The whole book contains 275 leaves.<sup>[2]</sup>

	The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed:		The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed:

KJV: Template:Donate

2018-12-31T11:05:02Z

Template:Donate

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:05, 31 December 2018
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	* 6. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (2009). The Greek New Testament (4 ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 25*. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]		* 6. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (2009). The Greek New Testament (4 ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 25*. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]
	* 7. Berger, Samuel (1893). [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul01berggoog#page/n414/mode/2up Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age] (in French). Paris. p. 384.		* 7. Berger, Samuel (1893). [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul01berggoog#page/n414/mode/2up Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age] (in French). Paris. p. 384.

			{{Donate}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Legionensis}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Legionensis}}

Nick: New page: The '''León Palimpsest''', designated '''l''' or '''67''' (in the Beuron system), is a 7th-century Latin manuscript pandect of the Christian Bible conserved in the [[León Cathedr...

2018-12-30T09:47:32Z

New page: The '''León Palimpsest''', designated '''l''' or '''67''' (in the Beuron system), is a 7th-century Latin manuscript pandect of the Christian Bible conserved in the [[León Cathedr...

New page

The '''León Palimpsest''', designated '''l''' or '''67''' (in the Beuron system), is a 7th-century [[Latin]] manuscript pandect of the [[Christian Bible]] conserved in the [[León Cathedral|cathedral of León]], Spain. The text, written on [[vellum]], is in a fragmentary condition. In some parts it represents the [[Vetus Latina|Old Latin]] version, while follows [[Jerome]]'s [[Vulgate]] in others. The codex is a [[palimpsest]].[1] From its location in León, this is sometimes referred to as the Codex Legionensis; but this name is more commonly applied to the 10th-century Vulgate Bible at the [[Basílica de San Isidoro, León]] (133 in the Beuron system). Nor should the León palimpsest be confused with another 10th-century pandect in León, of which the second volume is conserved in the cathedral archive and is number 193 in the Beuron system.

== Description ==
The text of the New Testament has survived on 40 leaves of the codex. The leaves have measures 37 by 24 cm. The text is written in 2 columns of 38-55 lines per page.[2] The text is written in a semi-uncial hand, in Visigothic characters. The fragments contain texts of [[James 4:4]] - [[1 Peter 3:14]]; [[1 John 1:5]] - [[3 John 10]]; [[Acts 7:27]]-Acts 11:13|11:13]]; [[Acts 14:21|14:21]]-[[Acts 17:25|17:25]]. It contains also a fragment of the [[Books of Maccabees]].[3] The text of the codex represent a Vulgate with Old Latin elements, especially in the [[First Epistle of John]].[1] The text is close to the [[Liber Comicus]].[3] The codex also contains the text of the [[Comma Johanneum]] ([[1 John 5:7]]).[4] As it is a [[palimpsest]], the text could be overwritten. The younger upper text contains a 10th-century writing of [[Rufinus of Aquileia|Rufinus]]' translation of [[Eusebius]]' ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Church history]]''.[3] The whole book contains 275 leaves.[2]

The order of the books may tentatively be reconstructed:
Octateuch, 1–4 Kings, Prophets (without Baruch), Job, Psalms (iuxta Hebraeos?), Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Chronicles (Paralipomenon), 1–2 Ezra, 4 Esdras, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), Esther, Judith, Tobit, 1–2 Maccabees; Gospels, Pauline Epistles, Catholic Epistles, Acts, Apocalypse.

== History ==
The biblical underwriting has been dated by [[F. H. A. Scrivener]], Samuel Berger, and [[Bruce M. Metzger]][1][5] to the 7th century.[6]

It was discovered by [[Rudolf Beer]]. It was examined and described by Samuel Berger[1]<[7] It was examined by [[Bonifatius Fischer]] and Thiele.[3] Fischer edited its text in 1963.[5]

Currently it is housed in the archive of [[León Cathedral]], where it is designated as codex 15.[3] The manuscript is cited in several [[textual criticism|critical texts]] of the Greek and Latin New Testament.[6]

== See also ==

* [[List of New Testament Latin manuscripts]]
* [[Codex Toletanus]]

== References ==

* 1. Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. 2 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 72.
* 2. Gregory, Caspar René (1902). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. 2. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 712. ISBN 1-4021-6347-9.
* 3. Bruce M. Metzger, ''The Early Versions of the New Testament'', Oxford University Press, 1977, p. 316.
* 4. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (1993). The Greek New Testament. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 819. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]
* 5. Léon Vaganay, Christian-Bernard Amphoux, Jenny Heimerdinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z3XFkk27-YYC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''An introduction to New Testament textual criticism''], Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 29.
* 6. Aland, B.; Aland, K.; J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. Metzger, A. Wikgren (2009). The Greek New Testament (4 ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. p. 25*. ISBN 978-3-438-05110-3. [UBS4]
* 7. Berger, Samuel (1893). [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredelavul01berggoog#page/n414/mode/2up Histoire de la Vulgate pendant les premiers siècles du Moyen Age] (in French). Paris. p. 384.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legionensis}}
[[Category:Old Latin New Testament manuscripts]]
[[Category:Vulgate manuscripts]]
[[Category:7th-century biblical manuscripts]]
[[Category:Palimpsests]]
[[Category:7th-century Latin books]]