Old English Latin alphabet - Revision history

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2019-04-27T08:14:21Z

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	==External links==		==External links==
	* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm "Old English / Anglo-Saxon (Englisc)]". Omniglot. omniglot.com.		* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm "Old English / Anglo-Saxon (Englisc)]". Omniglot. omniglot.com.

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	[[Category:Latin alphabets]]		[[Category:Latin alphabets]]
	[[Category:Old English language\|Alphabet]]		[[Category:Old English language\|Alphabet]]

Nick at 15:42, 27 December 2012

2012-12-27T15:42:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:42, 27 December 2012
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	\|width=3% align="center"\|[[A]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Æ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[B]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[C]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[D]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Eth\|Ð]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[E]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[F]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Insular G\|Ᵹ]]/[[G]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[H]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[I]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[L]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[M]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[N]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[O]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[P]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[R]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[S]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[T]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Thorn (letter)\|Þ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[U]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Wynn\|Ƿ]]/[[W]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[X]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Y]]		\|width=3% align="center"\|[[A]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Æ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[B]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[C]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[D]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Eth\|Ð]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[E]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[F]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Insular G\|Ᵹ]]/[[G]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[H]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[I]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[L]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[M]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[N]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[O]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[P]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[R]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[S]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[T]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Thorn (letter)\|Þ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[U]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Wynn\|Ƿ]]/[[W]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[X]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Y]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" colspan="36" \| '''[[Lower case\|Minuscule forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')		\|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="36" \| '''[[Lower case\|Minuscule forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
	\|-		\|-
	\|width=3% align="center"\|[[a]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[æ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[b]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[c]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[d]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Eth\|ð]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[e]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[f]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Insular G\|ᵹ]]/[[g]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[h]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[i]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[l]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[m]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[n]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[o]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[p]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[r]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[s]]/[[Long s\|ſ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[t]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Thorn (letter)\|þ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[u]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Wynn\|ƿ]]/[[w]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[x]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[y]]		\|width=3% align="center"\|[[a]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[æ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[b]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[c]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[d]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Eth\|ð]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[e]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[f]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Insular G\|ᵹ]]/[[g]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[h]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[i]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[l]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[m]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[n]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[o]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[p]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[r]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[s]]/[[Long s\|ſ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[t]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Thorn (letter)\|þ]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[u]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[Wynn\|ƿ]]/[[w]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[x]]\|\|width=3% align="center"\|[[y]]

Nick: New page: The '''Old English Latin alphabet''' – although it did not have a standard orthography – generally consisted of 24 letters, and was in use for writing Old English from the 9th to t...

2012-12-27T15:40:30Z

New page: The '''Old English Latin alphabet''' – although it did not have a standard orthography – generally consisted of 24 letters, and was in use for writing Old English from the 9th to t...

New page

The '''Old English Latin alphabet''' – although it did not have a standard orthography – generally consisted of 24 letters, and was in use for writing [[Old English]] from the 9th to the 12th centuries. Of these, 20 were directly adopted letters of the [[Latin alphabet]], two were modifications of Latin letters ([[Æ]], [[Ð]]), and two were developments from the [[Anglo-Saxon runes|runic alphabet]] ([[Wynn|Ƿ]], [[Thorn (letter)|Þ]]). The letters [[K]], [[Q]] and [[Z]] were not in the spelling of native English words.

{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="36" | '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule forms]]''' (also called '''uppercase''' or '''capital letters''')
|-
|width=3% align="center"|[[A]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[B]]||width=3% align="center"|[[C]]||width=3% align="center"|[[D]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Eth|Ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[E]]||width=3% align="center"|[[F]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Insular G|Ᵹ]]/[[G]]||width=3% align="center"|[[H]]||width=3% align="center"|[[I]]||width=3% align="center"|[[L]]||width=3% align="center"|[[M]]||width=3% align="center"|[[N]]||width=3% align="center"|[[O]]||width=3% align="center"|[[P]]||width=3% align="center"|[[R]]||width=3% align="center"|[[S]]||width=3% align="center"|[[T]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Thorn (letter)|Þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[U]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Wynn|Ƿ]]/[[W]]||width=3% align="center"|[[X]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Y]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="36" | '''[[Lower case|Minuscule forms]]''' (also called '''lowercase''' or '''small letters''')
|-
|width=3% align="center"|[[a]]||width=3% align="center"|[[æ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[b]]||width=3% align="center"|[[c]]||width=3% align="center"|[[d]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Eth|ð]]||width=3% align="center"|[[e]]||width=3% align="center"|[[f]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Insular G|ᵹ]]/[[g]]||width=3% align="center"|[[h]]||width=3% align="center"|[[i]]||width=3% align="center"|[[l]]||width=3% align="center"|[[m]]||width=3% align="center"|[[n]]||width=3% align="center"|[[o]]||width=3% align="center"|[[p]]||width=3% align="center"|[[r]]||width=3% align="center"|[[s]]/[[Long s|ſ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[t]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Thorn (letter)|þ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[u]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Wynn|ƿ]]/[[w]]||width=3% align="center"|[[x]]||width=3% align="center"|[[y]]
|}

In the year [[1011 AD|1011]], a writer named [[Byrhtferth|Byrhtferð]] ordered the Old English alphabet for numerological purposes.<sup>[1]</sup> He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet (including [[ampersand|''et'' ligature]]) first, then 5 additional English letters, starting with the [[Tironian notes|Tironian note]] ''ond'' (⁊), resulting in a list of 29 symbols:
:A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & ⁊ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ

[[Old English]] was first written in [[runic alphabet|runes]] (''[[Anglo-Saxon runes|futhorc]]'') but shifted to a (minuscule) [[Uncial script#Half-uncial|half-uncial]] script of the [[Latin alphabet]] introduced by [[Hiberno-Scottish mission|Irish Christian missionaries]]<sup>[2]</sup> from around the 9th century. This was replaced by [[insular script]], a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental [[Carolingian minuscule]] (also known as ''Caroline'') replaced the insular.

The letter [[eth (letter)|ðæt]] ⟨ð⟩ (called ''eth'' or ''edh'' in modern English) was an alteration of Latin ⟨d⟩, and the runic letters [[thorn (letter)|thorn]] ⟨þ⟩ and [[wynn]] ⟨ƿ⟩ are borrowings from futhorc. Also used was a symbol for the [[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] ''and'', a character similar to the number seven (⟨⁊⟩, called a [[Tironian note]]), and a symbol for the [[relative pronoun]] ''[[that|þæt]]'', a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender (⟨[[ꝥ]]⟩). [[Macron]]s ⟨¯⟩ over vowels were rarely used to indicate long vowels. Also used occasionally were abbreviations for following ''m''’s or ''n''’s.

A number of changes are traditionally made in published modern editions of the original Old English manuscripts. Some of these conventions include the introduction of punctuation and the substitutions of symbols. The symbols ⟨e⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩ are used in modern editions, although their shapes in the insular script are considerably different. The [[long s]] ⟨ſ⟩ is substituted by its modern counterpart ⟨s⟩. [[insular G|Insular ⟨ᵹ⟩]] is usually substituted with its modern counterpart ⟨g⟩ (which is ultimately a Carolingian symbol).
The /w/ phoneme was occasionally spelled ⟨uu⟩ in Old English manuscripts, but [[Wynn|ƿ]] was more common. The consistent use of [[w]] developed in the early Middle English period, during the 12th to 13th centuries.

Additionally, modern manuscripts often distinguish between a [[velar consonant|velar]] and [[palatal consonant|palatal]] ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ with diacritic dots above the putative palatals: ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩. The ''wynn'' symbol ⟨ƿ⟩ is usually substituted with ⟨w⟩. Macrons ⟨¯⟩ are usually found in modern editions to indicate putative long vowels, while they are usually lacking in the originals. In older printed editions of Old English works, an [[acute accent]] mark was used to maintain cohesion between Old English and [[Old Norse]] printing.

==See also==
*[[English alphabet]]
*[[Latin-derived alphabet]]

==References==

* 1. Michael Everson, Evertype, Baldur Sigurðsson, Íslensk Málstöð, On the Status of the Latin Letter Þorn and of its Sorting Order
* 2. Crystal, David (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-521-26438-3.

==External links==
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldenglish.htm "Old English / Anglo-Saxon (Englisc)]". Omniglot. omniglot.com.
[[Category:Latin alphabets]]
[[Category:Old English language|Alphabet]]