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Nick: New page: William Whitaker '''William Whitaker''' (1548 – 1595) was a prominent Anglican theologian. He was [[Master (college)|Mast...

2013-01-13T10:14:50Z

New page: thumb|right|200px|William Whitaker '''William Whitaker''' (1548 – 1595) was a prominent Anglican theologian. He was [[Master (college)|Mast...

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[[Image:William Whitaker.jpg|thumb|right|200px|William Whitaker]]
'''William Whitaker''' (1548 – 1595) was a prominent [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] theologian. He was [[Master (college)|Master]] of [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], and a leading [[Anglican divine|divine]] in the university in the latter half of the sixteenth century.

==Early life and education==
He was born "at Holme in the parish of Bromley (Holme Chapel, [[Cliviger]] near [[Burnley]]), [[Lancashire]], in 1548, being the third son of Thomas Whitaker of that place, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of John Nowell, esq., of Read, and sister of [[Alexander Nowell]], [[dean of St Paul's]]." After receiving the rudiments of learning at his native parish school, he was sent by his uncle, Alexander Nowell, to [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]] in London, and thence proceeded to [[Cambridge]], where he matriculated as a pensioner of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] on 4 Oct. 1564. He was subsequently elected a scholar on the same foundation, proceeded B.A. in March 1568, and on 6 Sept. 1569 was elected to a minor fellowship, and on 25 March 1571 to a major fellowship, at his college. In 1571 he commenced M.A.<sup>[1]</sup> Throughout his earlier career at the university he was assisted
by his uncle, who granted him leases, 'freely and without fine,'towards defraying his expenses. Whitaker evinced his gratitude by dedicating to Nowell a translation of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] into Greek, and a like version of Nowell's own larger catechism from the Latin into Greek.

==Academic career==
The marked ability with which he acquitted
himself when presiding as "father of
the philosophy act" at an academic commencement
appears to have first brought
him prominently into notice. He also became
known as an indefatigable student of
the scriptures, the commentators, and the
schoolmen, and was very early in his career
singled out by [[John Whitgift]], at that time master
of Trinity, for marks of special favour. On 3 Feb. 1578 he
was installed canon of [[Norwich Cathedral]],
and in the same year was admitted to the
degree of B.D., and incorporated on 14 July
at [[Oxford]].
In 1580 he was appointed by the
crown to the regius professorship of divinity,
to which [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] shortly after added the
chancellorship of St. Paul's, London, and
from this time his position as the champion of
the teaching of the church of England, interpreted
in its most [[Calvinism|Calvinistic]] sense, appears
to have been definitely taken up. In 1582,
on taking part in a disputation at commencement,
he took for his thesis, ''Pontifex Romanus est ille Antichristus, quern futurum Scriptura prædixit''. His lectures,
as professor, afterwards published from shorthand
notes taken by John Allenson, a fellow
of St. John's, were mainly directed towards
refuting [[Roman Catholic]] theologians, especially
[[Robert Bellarmine]] and [[Thomas Stapleton (theologian)|Thomas Stapleton]]
He also severely criticised the
just-published [[Douay-Rheims Bible|Douay version]] of the New Testament, thereby
becoming involved in a controversy with
[[William Rainolds]].

On 28 Feb. 1586 Whitaker, on the recommendation
of Whitgift and [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Burghley]], was
appointed by the crown to the mastership of
[[St John's College, Cambridge|St. John's College]]. The appointment was,
however, opposed by a majority of the
fellows on the ground of his supposed leanings
towards [[puritan]]ism. His rule as an
administrator justified in almost equal measure
the appointment and its objectors. The
college increased greatly in numbers and
reputation, but the puritan party gained
ground considerably in the society. Whitaker
was a no less resolute opponent of
[[Lutheranism]] than of Roman doctrine and
ritual, and under his teaching the doctrine
of Calvin and [[Beza]] came to be regarded as
of far higher authority than that of the
fathers and the schoolmen.

In the discharge of his ordinary duties as
master his assiduity and strict impartiality
in distributing the rewards at his disposal
conciliated even those who demurred to his
theological teaching, and Baker declares
that the members of the college were "all
at last united in their affection to their
master," and that eventually "he had no
enemies to overcome."

In 1587 he was created D.D.; and in
1593, on the mastership of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]
falling vacant by the preferment of Dr. [[John Still]] to the [[Bishop of Bath and Wells|bishopric of Bath and Wells]], he was an unsuccessful candidate for
the post. In the following year he published
his ''De Authoritate Scripturæ'',
written in reply to Stapleton, prefixing to it
a dedication to Whitgift (18 April 1594),
the latter affording a noteworthy illustration
of his personal relations with the primate,
and also of the Roman controversialist learning
of that time. In May 1595 he was installed
canon of [[Canterbury]]; but his professorship,
mastership, and canonry appear
to have left him still poor, and in a letter
to Burghley, written about a fortnight before
his death, he complains pathetically at being
so frequently passed over amid "the great
preferments of soe many." He may possibly
have been suffering from dejection at this
time, owing to the disagreement with Whitgift
in which, in common with others of the
Cambridge heads, he found himself involved
in connection with the prosecution of [[William Barrett]]. In November 1595 he
was deputed, along with [[Humphrey Gower (Queens')|Humphrey Gower]], president of Queens' College, to confer
with the primate on the drawing up of
the [[Lambeth Articles]]. On this occasion he
appears to have pressed his Calvinistic views
warmly, but without success, and he returned
to Cambridge fatigued and disappointed. He fell ill and died on December 4, 1595.

As of 1900, there were two portraits of Whitaker in the master's lodge at St. John's College (one
in the drawing-room, the other in the hall), both bearing the words, "Dr. Whitaker, Mr.
1587," and one at the Chetham Hospital and Library at Manchester. His portrait was engraved by [[William Marshall (illustrator)|William Marshall]] in [[Thomas Fuller]]'s ''Holy State'', 1642, and by John Payne. His epitaph, in Latin hexameters on a marble tablet, has been placed on the north wall of the interior of the transept of the college chapel.

His hopes of preferment were disappointed,
probably because he was
twice married, and thus forfeited in some
measure the favour of Elizabeth. The
maiden name of his first wife, who was
sister-in-law to [[Laurence Chaderton]],
was Culverwell; his second wife, who survived
him, was the widow of [[Dudley Fenner]].
He had eight children: one of the
sons, [[Alexander Whitaker]], who was educated at
Trinity College, afterwards became known
as the "Apostle of Virginia." Alexander, bapitized Pocahontas. Another son who set his eyes on America was, Jabez. He was one of the first planters in Jamestowne and helped build a guest house to greet new families to Virginia.

No English divine of the sixteenth century
surpassed Whitaker in the estimation
of his contemporaries. [[Ralph Churton]] justly styles
him "the pride and ornament of Cambridge."
[[Robert Bellarmine|Bellarmine]] so much admired his genius and
attainments that he had his portrait suspended
in his study. [[Joseph Scaliger]],
[[Joseph Hall (bishop)|Bishop Hall]], and [[Isaac Casaubon]] alike
speak of him in terms of almost unbounded
admiration.

==Works==
The following is a list of Whitaker's published works, those included in the edition of his theological treatises reprinted by Samuel Crispin at Geneva in two volumes, folio, in 1610, being distinguished by an asterisk:
*''Liber Precum Publicarum Ecclesiae Anglicanæ . . . Latine Græceque æditus,'' London, 1569.
*Greek verses appended to Carr's 'Demosthenes,' 1571.
*'' Κατηχισμός, ... τἢτε 'Ελλήνων καὶ τἢ 'Ρωμαίων διαλέκτῳ ὲκδοθεἷσα'', London, 1573, 1574, 1578, 1673 (the Greek version is by Whitaker, the Latin by Alexander Nowell).
*''Ioannis Iuelli Sarisbur ... adversus Thomam Hardingum volumen alterum ex Anglico sermone conversum in Latinum a Gulielmo Whitakero,'' London, 1578.
*''Ad decem rationes Edmundi Campiani ... Christiana responsio'', London, 1581; a translation of this by [[Richard Stock]] was printed in London in 1606.*
*''Thesis proposita ... in Academia Cantabrigiensi die Comitiorum anno Domini 1582; cujus summa hæc,Pontifex Romanus est ille Antichristus'', London, 1582.*
*''Responsionis ... defensio contra confutationem Ioannis Duraei Scoti, presbyteri Iesuitse,' London, 1583.* *''Nicolai Sanderi quadraginta demonstrationes, Quod Papa non est Antichristus ille insignis ... et earundem demonstrationum solida refutatio'', London, 1583.*
*''Fragmenta veterum haereseon ad constituendam Ecclesiæ Pontificiae ἀποστασίαν collecta'', London, 1583.* *''An aunswere to a certaine Booke, written by M. William Rainoldes ... entituled A Refutation'', London, 1585; Cambridge, 1590.*
*''Disputatio de Sacra Scriptura contra hujus temporis papistas, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum ... et Thomam Stapletonum ... sex quæstionibus proposita et tractata'', Cambridge, 1588.*
*''Adversus Tho. Stapletoni Anglopapistæ ... defensionem ecclesiasticæ authoritatis ... duplicatio pro authoritate atque αύτοπιστίᾳ S. Scripturæ'', Cambridge, 1594.*
*''Praelectiones in quibus tractatur controversia de ecclesia contra pontificios, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum Iesuitam, in septem qusestiones distributa'', Cambridge, 1599.* Edited by [[John Allenson]].<sup>[2]</sup>
*''Cygnea cantio ... hoc est, ultima illius concio ad clerum, habita Cantabrigiæ anno 1595, ix Oct.'' Cambridge, 1599.
*''Controversia de Conciliis, contra pontificios, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum Iesuitam, in sex quaestiones distributa'', Cambridge, 1600.*
*''Tractatus de peccato originali ... contra Stapletonum'', Cambridge, 1600.*
*''Prælectiones in controversiam de Romano Pontifice ... adversus pontificios, inprimis Robertum Bellarminum'', Hanau, 1608.*
*''Praelectiones aliquot contra Bellarminum habitæ'' (in Conr. Decker ''De Proprietatibus Iesuitarum'', Oppenheim, 1611).*
*''Adversus universalis gratiæ assertores prælectio in 1 Tim. ii. 4'' (in Pet. Baro's ''Summa Triurn de Prædestinatione Sententiarum'', Harderwyk, 1613).
*''Prælectiones de Sacramentis in Genere et in Specie de. SS. Baptismo et Eucharistia'', Frankfort, 1624.
*''Articuli de prædestinatione ... Lambethæ propositi, et L. Andrews de iisdem Iudicium'', London, 1651.

Other works by Whitaker are extant in manuscript; the Bodleian Library has
''Commentarii in Cantica'', and ''Prælectiones in priorem Epistolam ad Corinthios'' by
him; Caius College, ''Theses: de fide Davidis''; de Prædestinatione''; and St. John's
College, Cambridge, a treatise on ecclesiastical polity, which Baker thinks was
probably from his pen, although it leans somewhat to [[Erastianism]].

==References==

* 1. Venn, J.; Venn, J. A., eds. (1922–1958). "Whitaker, William". Alumni Cantabrigienses (10 vols) (online ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* 2. "Allenson, John". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

==External links==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Whitaker, William}}
[[Category:1548 births]]
[[Category:1595 deaths]]
[[Category:English theologians]]
[[Category:Masters of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Burnley]]
[[Category:16th-century theologians]]
[[Category:16th-century English people]][[Category:People of the Tudor period]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]

William Whitaker (theologian) - Revision history

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Nick: New page: William Whitaker '''William Whitaker''' (1548 – 1595) was a prominent Anglican theologian. He was [[Master (college)|Mast...