Beza 1598: /* External Links */

2016-03-11T03:09:50Z

External Links

←Older revision		Revision as of 03:09, 11 March 2016
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	* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]		* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]
		+
		+	{{Donate}}

Nick: Protected "High German languages" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2010-09-17T04:51:15Z

Protected "High German languages" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

←Older revision

Revision as of 04:51, 17 September 2010

Nick: /* References */

2010-09-17T04:51:08Z

References

←Older revision		Revision as of 04:51, 17 September 2010
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	==References==		==References==
		+
		+	* 1. See the definition of "high" in the Oxford English Dictionary (Concise Edition): "... situated far above ground, sealevel, etc; upper, inland, as ... High German".
		+	* 2. Russ, Charles. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey. Routledge, 1989.
		+	* 3. Russ, Charles. The German Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Routledge, 1994.
		+	* 4. Robinson, Orrin. Old English and its Closest Relatives. Routledge, 1994.

	[[Category:High German languages\| ]]		[[Category:High German languages\| ]]
	[[Category:West Germanic languages]]		[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
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	==External Links==		==External Links==

	* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]		* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]

Nick at 04:50, 17 September 2010

2010-09-17T04:50:38Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 04:50, 17 September 2010
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		+	The '''High German languages''' (in [[German language\|German]], ''Hochdeutsche Sprachen'') or the '''[[German dialects\|High German dialects]] '''(''Hochdeutsche Mundarten/Dialekte'') are any of the [[variety (linguistics)\|varieties]] of [[German language\|standard German]], [[Luxembourgish language\|Luxembourgish]] and [[Yiddish language\|Yiddish]], as well as the local German [[dialect]]s '''spoken''' in central and southern [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Switzerland]], [[Luxembourg]] and in neighboring portions of [[Belgium]] and the [[Netherlands]] ([[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]] dialects in [[Southeast Limburgish dialect\|southeast Limburg]]), [[France]] ([[Alsace]] and northern [[Lorraine (region)\|Lorraine]]), [[Italy]], and [[Poland]]. The language is also spoken in diaspora in [[Romania]] (''[[Transylvania]]''), [[Russia]], the [[United States]], [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], and [[Namibia]].
		+
		+	As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms "High German" (in the broader sense), out of which developed [[German language\|standard High German]] (in the narrower sense), [[Yiddish]] and [[Luxembourgish]]. It refers to the [[Highland (geography)\|upland]] and [[mountain]]ous areas of central and southern Germany, it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to [[Low German]], which is spoken on the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the north.<sup>[]</sup> High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into [[Upper German]] (''Oberdeutsch'', this includes the Austrian and Swiss German dialects) and [[Central German]] (''Mitteldeutsch'').<sup>[]</sup>
		+
		+	==History==
		+	The High German dialects as used in central and southern Germany (Saxony, Bavaria) and Austria were an important basis for the development of standard German.<sup>[]</sup>
		+
		+	The historical forms of the language are [[Old High German]] and [[Middle High German]].
		+
		+	==Classification==
		+	High German (in the broader sense) is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the [[High German consonant shift]] (c. AD 500).
		+	To see this, compare [[English language\|English]]/[[Low Saxon language\|Low Saxon]] ''pan/Pann'' with [[German language\|German]] ''Pfanne'' ([p] to [pf]), English/Low Saxon ''two/twee'' with German ''zwei'' ([t] to [ts]), English/Low Saxon ''make/maken'' with German ''machen'' ([k] to [x]).<sup>[]</sup>
		+	In the [[Alemannic German\|High Alemannic dialects]], there is a further shift; ''Sack'' (like English/Low Saxon "sack/Sack") is pronounced [z̥akx] ([k] to [kx]).
		+
		+	==Family tree==
		+	Note that divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, as most form continuous clines, with adjacent [[dialect]]s being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "[[Proto-language\|Proto-High German]]". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between [[West Germanic]] language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.
		+	* [[Central German]] (German: ''Mitteldeutsch'')
		+	** [[East Central German]]
		+	*** [[Lausitzisch-Neumärkisch]]
		+	*** [[Upper Saxon]]
		+	*** [[North Upper Saxon]]
		+	*** [[Thuringian Dialect]]
		+	*** [[Silesian German]] (mostly in [[Lower Silesia]], in [[Poland]])
		+	*** [[High Prussian]]
		+	** [[Transylvanian Saxons\|Transylvanian Saxon]] (in [[Transylvania]])
		+	** [[West Central German]]
		+	*** [[Ripuarian language\|Ripuarian]]
		+	*** [[Moselle Franconian]], including the [[Luxembourgish language]]
		+	*** ''[[Rhine Franconian]]''
		+	**** [[Lorraine Franconian]] (France)
		+	**** [[Pfälzisch language]]
		+	**** [[Hunsrückisch]]
		+	*****[[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] (in [[Southern Brazil]])
		+	*** [[Central Hessian]] ([[Hessian dialects\|Hessian]])
		+	*** [[East Hessian]] ([[Hessian dialects\|Hessian]])
		+	*** [[North Hessian]] ([[Hessian dialects\|Hessian]])
		+	* Transitional areas between ''Central German'' and ''Upper German''
		+	** [[High Franconian]]
		+	***[[East Franconian German]]
		+	***[[South Franconian German]]
		+	* [[Pennsylvania German language\|Pennsylvania German]] (in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]])
		+	* [[Upper German]] (German: ''Oberdeutsch'')
		+	** [[Alemannic German\|Alemannic]]
		+	*** [[Swabian German\|Swabian]]
		+	*** [[Low Alemannic German\|Low Alemannic]] (including one [[Swiss German]] dialect: [[Basel German]])
		+	*** [[Alsatian language]] (but often also classified as within [[Low Alemannic German\|Low Alemannic]])
		+	*** [[Central Alemannic]]
		+	*** [[High Alemannic German\|High Alemannic]] (including many [[Swiss German]] dialects)
		+	*** [[Highest Alemannic German\|Highest Alemannic]] (including [[Swiss German]] dialects)
		+	** [[Austro-Bavarian German\|Austro-Bavarian]] (''On the use of dialects and Standard German in Austria, see [[Austrian language]]'')
		+	***[[Northern Austro-Bavarian]] (spoken in [[Upper Palatinate]])
		+	***[[Central Austro-Bavarian]] (includes the dialects of [[Upper Bavaria]], [[Lower Bavaria]], [[Upper Austria]], [[Lower Austria]] and [[Vienna]] — ''see'' [[Viennese language]])
		+	***[[Southern Austro-Bavarian]] (includes the dialects of [[German Tyrol \| Tirol]], [[Carinthia (state)\|Carinthia]] and [[Styria (state)\|Styria]])
		+	*** [[Cimbrian language\|Cimbrian]] (northeastern [[Italy]])
		+	*** [[Mócheno]] ([[Trentino]], in Italy)
		+	*** [[Hutterite German]] (in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]])
		+	*[[Yiddish language\|Yiddish]]
		+	**Western Yiddish ([[Germany]], [[France]])
		+	**Eastern Yiddish
		+	***Northeastern Yiddish ([[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], northeastern [[Poland]])
		+	***Central Yiddish ([[Poland]], [[Galicia (Central Europe)\|Galicia]])
		+	***Southeastern Yiddish ([[Ukraine]], [[Bessarabia]], [[Romania]])
		+	*[[Texas German]], a dialect spoken by descendants of [[German American\|immigrants]] who settled in the [[Texas Hill Country]] region in the mid-19th century.
		+
		+	==References==
		+
		+	[[Category:High German languages\| ]]
		+	[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
		+
		+
	==External Links==		==External Links==

	* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]		* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]

Nick: New page: ==External Links== * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]

2010-09-17T04:47:40Z

New page: ==External Links== * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]

New page

==External Links==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]

High German languages - Revision history

Beza 1598: /* External Links */

Nick: Protected "High German languages" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

Nick: /* References */

Nick at 04:50, 17 September 2010

Nick: New page: ==External Links== * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_German_languages Wikipedia Article on High German languages]