Palaeography - Revision history

Beza 1598 at 08:51, 5 March 2016

2016-03-05T08:51:39Z

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	[[Category:Papyrology]]		[[Category:Papyrology]]
	[[Category:Writing]]		[[Category:Writing]]
		+
		+	{{Donate}}

Nick: /* Indian palaeography */

2009-06-28T07:32:56Z

Indian palaeography

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	===Indian palaeography===		===Indian palaeography===
	* Burnell, Arthur Coke, Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS. url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt Second Edition enlarged and improved edition, 1878, Trübner & Co, London		* Burnell, Arthur Coke, Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS. url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt Second Edition enlarged and improved edition, 1878, Trübner & Co, London
-	* Ojha\|, Gaurishankar Hirachand The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā, Third edition, 1959, Munshiram Manoharlal, ~~location=~~ Delhi	+	* Ojha\|, Gaurishankar Hirachand The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā, Third edition, 1959, Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi

	==References==		==References==

Nick: /* Indian palaeography */

2009-06-28T07:32:36Z

Indian palaeography

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	===Indian palaeography===		===Indian palaeography===
-	*~~{{cite book \|last=~~ Burnell~~\|first=~~ Arthur Coke~~\|title=~~ Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS.\|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt~~\|edition=~~ Second enlarged and improved edition~~\|year=~~ 1878~~\|publisher=~~ Trübner & Co~~\|location=~~ London}}	+	* Burnell, Arthur Coke, Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS. url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt Second Edition enlarged and improved edition, 1878, Trübner & Co, London
-	*~~{{cite book \|last=~~ Ojha\|~~first=~~ Gaurishankar Hirachand~~\|title=~~ The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā~~\|edition=~~ Third edition~~\|year=~~ 1959~~\|publisher=~~ Munshiram Manoharlal\|location= Delhi~~\|language= Hindi}}~~	+	* Ojha\|, Gaurishankar Hirachand The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā, Third edition, 1959, Munshiram Manoharlal, location= Delhi
-	~~{{refend}}~~	+

	==References==		==References==

Nick: /* Indian palaeography */

2009-06-28T07:30:09Z

Indian palaeography

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	===Indian palaeography===		===Indian palaeography===
-	~~{{refbegin}}~~
	*{{cite book \|last= Burnell\|first= Arthur Coke\|title= Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS.\|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt\|edition= Second enlarged and improved edition\|year= 1878\|publisher= Trübner & Co\|location= London}}		*{{cite book \|last= Burnell\|first= Arthur Coke\|title= Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS.\|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt\|edition= Second enlarged and improved edition\|year= 1878\|publisher= Trübner & Co\|location= London}}
	*{{cite book \|last= Ojha\|first= Gaurishankar Hirachand\|title= The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā\|edition= Third edition\|year= 1959\|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal\|location= Delhi\|language= Hindi}}		*{{cite book \|last= Ojha\|first= Gaurishankar Hirachand\|title= The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā\|edition= Third edition\|year= 1959\|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal\|location= Delhi\|language= Hindi}}

Nick: /* Greek palaeography */

2009-06-28T07:29:46Z

Greek palaeography

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	==Greek palaeography==		==Greek palaeography==
-	~~{{main\|~~History of the Greek alphabet}}	+	See [[History of the Greek alphabet]]
	*''[[Inscriptiones Graecae]]''		*''[[Inscriptiones Graecae]]''
	*[[Epichoric alphabet]]		*[[Epichoric alphabet]]

Nick at 07:28, 28 June 2009

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	[[Image:Shakespeare-Testament.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[William Shakespeare]]'s will, written in [[secretary hand]]: a script difficult for modern readers to interpret<ref>''Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy'', pp. 131-3: By William Shakespeare, Charles Hamilton, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994) ISBN 0944435246</ref>]]		[[Image:Shakespeare-Testament.jpg\|thumb\|right\|[[William Shakespeare]]'s will, written in [[secretary hand]]: a script difficult for modern readers to interpret<ref>''Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy'', pp. 131-3: By William Shakespeare, Charles Hamilton, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994) ISBN 0944435246</ref>]]
-	'''Palaeography''', [[American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Simplification_of_ae_.28.C3.A6.29_and_oe_.28.C5.93.29\|also spelt]] '''paleography''', ~~{{lang\|grc\|~~παλαιός}} ''palaiós'', "old" and ~~{{lang\|grc\|~~γράφειν}} ''graphein'', "to write") is the study of ancient [[handwriting]], and the practice of deciphering and reading historical manuscripts.<ref>'palaeography', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]].</ref>	+	'''Palaeography''', [[American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Simplification_of_ae_.28.C3.A6.29_and_oe_.28.C5.93.29\|also spelt]] '''paleography''', παλαιός ''palaiós'', "old" and γράφειν ''graphein'', "to write") is the study of ancient [[handwriting]], and the practice of deciphering and reading historical manuscripts.<ref>'palaeography', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]].</ref>

	Palaeography can be an essential skill for [[historian\|historians]] and [[philology\|philologists]], as it tackles two main difficulties. First, since the style of a single alphabet has evolved constantly it is necessary to know how to decipher its individual characters. Second, scribes often used many [[abbreviation]]s, usually so that they could write more quickly, and sometimes to save space, so the palaeographer must know how to interpret them. Knowledge about individual letter-forms, ligatures, punctuation and abbreviations enables the palaeographer to read the text as its producer intended it to be read. The palaeographer must know the language of the text and the historical usage of various styles of handwriting. Knowledge of writing materials is also essential to the ancient study of handwriting and the identification of the periods in which they are written.<ref name=fn_3>Robert P. Gwinn, "Paleography" in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, Vol. IX, 1986, p. 78.</ref> An important goal may be to assign the text a date and a place of origin: this is why the palaeographer must take into account the style and formation of the manuscript.<ref name=fn_4>Fernando De Lasala, Exercise of Latin Paleography (Gregorian University Rome, 2006) p. 7.</ref>		Palaeography can be an essential skill for [[historian\|historians]] and [[philology\|philologists]], as it tackles two main difficulties. First, since the style of a single alphabet has evolved constantly it is necessary to know how to decipher its individual characters. Second, scribes often used many [[abbreviation]]s, usually so that they could write more quickly, and sometimes to save space, so the palaeographer must know how to interpret them. Knowledge about individual letter-forms, ligatures, punctuation and abbreviations enables the palaeographer to read the text as its producer intended it to be read. The palaeographer must know the language of the text and the historical usage of various styles of handwriting. Knowledge of writing materials is also essential to the ancient study of handwriting and the identification of the periods in which they are written.<ref name=fn_3>Robert P. Gwinn, "Paleography" in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, Vol. IX, 1986, p. 78.</ref> An important goal may be to assign the text a date and a place of origin: this is why the palaeographer must take into account the style and formation of the manuscript.<ref name=fn_4>Fernando De Lasala, Exercise of Latin Paleography (Gregorian University Rome, 2006) p. 7.</ref>

Nick: Protected "Palaeography" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

2009-06-28T07:28:09Z

Protected "Palaeography" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

←Older revision

Revision as of 07:28, 28 June 2009

Nick: New page: [[William Shakespeare's will, written in secretary hand: a script difficult for modern readers to interpret''Cardenio, Or, the Seco...

2009-06-28T07:27:44Z

New page: [[William Shakespeare's will, written in secretary hand: a script difficult for modern readers to interpret<ref>''Cardenio, Or, the Seco...

New page

[[Image:Shakespeare-Testament.jpg|thumb|right|[[William Shakespeare]]'s will, written in [[secretary hand]]: a script difficult for modern readers to interpret<ref>''Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy'', pp. 131-3: By William Shakespeare, Charles Hamilton, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994) ISBN 0944435246</ref>]]
'''Palaeography''', [[American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Simplification_of_ae_.28.C3.A6.29_and_oe_.28.C5.93.29|also spelt]] '''paleography''', {{lang|grc|παλαιός}} ''palaiós'', "old" and {{lang|grc|γράφειν}} ''graphein'', "to write") is the study of ancient [[handwriting]], and the practice of deciphering and reading historical manuscripts.<ref>'palaeography', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]].</ref>

Palaeography can be an essential skill for [[historian|historians]] and [[philology|philologists]], as it tackles two main difficulties. First, since the style of a single alphabet has evolved constantly it is necessary to know how to decipher its individual characters. Second, scribes often used many [[abbreviation]]s, usually so that they could write more quickly, and sometimes to save space, so the palaeographer must know how to interpret them. Knowledge about individual letter-forms, ligatures, punctuation and abbreviations enables the palaeographer to read the text as its producer intended it to be read. The palaeographer must know the language of the text and the historical usage of various styles of handwriting. Knowledge of writing materials is also essential to the ancient study of handwriting and the identification of the periods in which they are written.<ref name=fn_3>Robert P. Gwinn, "Paleography" in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, Vol. IX, 1986, p. 78.</ref> An important goal may be to assign the text a date and a place of origin: this is why the palaeographer must take into account the style and formation of the manuscript.<ref name=fn_4>Fernando De Lasala, Exercise of Latin Paleography (Gregorian University Rome, 2006) p. 7.</ref>

The first time the term "palaeography" was used was perhaps in 1708 by [[Bernard de Montfaucon]], a [[Benedictine monk]]. <ref> Bernard de Montfaucon et al., ''Palaeographia Graeca, sive, De ortu et progressu literarum graecarum'', Paris, Ludovicum Guerin (1708). </ref> During the early 19th century palaeography fully separated from the science of [[diplomatics]]. [[Wilhelm Wattenbach]] and Leopold Delisle greatly contributed to this separation with their studies of the relationship between the human hand and writing. Their efforts were mainly directed at reconstituting "the ductus" — the movement of the pen in forming the letter — and to establish a genealogy of writing based on the historical developments of its forms.<ref name=fn_2>R. Marichal, “Paleography” in New Encyclopaedia New York: Gale-Thomson, 2003 Vol.X, p. 773.</ref>

==Ancient Near East==
:''See also: [[Epigraphy]] and [[Sociology in medieval Islam#Paleography|Paleography in medieval Islam]]''

*[[Cuneiform script]]
**[[Hittite cuneiform]]
*[[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
*[[Anatolian hieroglyphs]]
*[[Middle Bronze Age alphabets]]
*[[South Arabian alphabet]]

==Greek palaeography==
{{main|History of the Greek alphabet}}
*''[[Inscriptiones Graecae]]''
*[[Epichoric alphabet]]
*[[Cumae alphabet]]

==Indian palaeography==
*[[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]]
===North Indian palaeography===
*[[Devanagari]]
===South Indian palaeography===
The earliest attested form of writing in South India is inscriptions found in caves, associated with the [[Chalukya]] and [[Chera]] dynasties. These are in variants of what is known as the [[Cave character]], and their script differs from the Northern version in being more angular. Most of the modern scripts of South India have evolved from this script, with the exception of [[Vatteluttu]], whose exact origins are unknown, and [[Nandinagari]], which is a variant of [[Devanagari]] that developed due to later Northern influence.
*[[Grantha script]]
*[[Tamil script]]
*[[Malayalam script]]
*[[Telugu script]]
*[[Kannada script]]
*[[Chalukya script]]
*[[Chera script]]
*[[Nandinagari]]

==Aramaic palaeography==
*[[Aramaic alphabet]]
*[[Syriac alphabet]]
*[[Mandaic alphabet]]
*[[Sogdian alphabet]]

== Latin palaeography ==
See [[History of the Latin alphabet]]
===Antiquity===
See the following articles:

* [[Old Italic alphabet]]
*''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]''
*[[Roman square capitals]]
*[[Roman cursive]]
*[[Rustic capitals]]

===Middle Ages===
Prior to the time of [[Charlemagne]] several parts of Europe had their own handwriting style. His rule over a large part of the continent provided an opportunity to unify these writing styles in the hand called [[Carolingian minuscule]]. Simplistically speaking, the only scripts to escape this unification were the [[Visigothic script|Visigothic]] (or Mozarabic), which survived into the twelfth or thirteenth century, the [[Beneventan script|Beneventan]], which was still being written in the middle of the sixteenth, and the one that continues to be used in traditional [[Irish language|Irish]] handwriting, which has been in severe decline since the early twentieth century and is now almost extinct (the printed form was abolished by the [[Irish government]] in the 1950s).

In the twelfth century Carolingian minuscule underwent a change in its appearance to bold and broken Gothic letter-forms. This style remained predominant with some regional variants until the fifteenth century when the [[Renaissance humanism|humanistic]] scripts revived a version of Carolingian minuscule and it spread from the Italian [[Renaissance]] all over Europe.

====Further medieval scripts====
*[[Beneventan script]]
*[[Gaelic script]]
*[[Insular script]]
*[[Merovingian script]]
*[[Uncial script]]
*[[Visigothic script]]

===Modern period===
These humanistic scripts are the base for the [[antiqua]] and the handwriting forms in western and southern Europe. In Germany and Austria, the ''[[Kurrentschrift]]'' was rooted in the [[cursive]] handwriting of the later Middle Ages. With the name of the [[calligrapher]] Ludwig [[Sütterlin]], this handwriting counterpart to the [[blackletter]] typefaces was abolished by [[Hitler]] in 1941. After [[World War II]] it was taught as alternative script in schools only in some areas until the 1970s; it is no longer being taught.

==See also==
*[[Calligraphy]]
*[[Codicology]]
*[[Diplomatics]]
*[[Epigraphy]]
*[[Graffiti]]
*[[Historical Documents]]
*[[Isogloss]]
*[[Jean Mabillon]]
*[[List of New Testament papyri]]
*[[List of New Testament uncials]]
*[[Ludwig Traube (palaeographer)]]
*[[Philology]]
*[[Scribal abbreviation]]
*[[:Category:Palaeographic letter variants]]

==External links==
*[http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/ingles.php?d=LATIN_PALEOGRAPHY.pdf 'Manual of Latin Paleography'] (A comprehensive PDF file containing 77 pages profusely illustrated, August 2008).
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Palaeography 'Palaeography'.] ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'', 1911.
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/palaeography/ Palaeography: reading old handwriting 1500 - 1800: A practical online tutorial], from the [[National Archives (UK)]]
*[http://www.medievalwriting.50megs.com A comprehensive survey of all the important aspects of medieval palaeography].
*[http://www.vl-ghw.lmu.de/palaeographie_en.html A scholarly maintained web directory on palaeography] (in German).
* [http://www.ext.upmc.fr/urfist/menestrel/paleo/00intro.htm Another scholarly maintained web directory on palaeography] (200 links with critical comments, in French).
* [http://theleme.enc.sorbonne.fr/sommaire69.html Comprehensive bibliography] (1,200 detailed references with critical comments in French).
*[http://www.scottishhandwriting.com Online Tuition in the Palaeography of Scottish Documents 1500-1750]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/greeklatin00thomuoft An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography by Thompson, Edward Maunde] - Outdated (published 1912) but good and useful illustrated handbook, available as facsimile.
*[http://paleography.atspace.com Free palaeographical fonts]

==Further reading==
===Western palaeography===
{{refbegin}}
*Bernhard Bischoff, ''Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', Cambridge University Press, 1989.
*E. A. Lowe, ''Codices Latini Antiquiores: A Palaeographical Guide to Latin Manuscripts Prior to the Ninth Century'', Clarendon Press, 1972.
*Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, [http://www.archive.org/details/greeklatin00thomuoft ''An Introduction to Greek and Latin Palaeography''] Clarendon Press, 1912.
{{refend}}

===Indian palaeography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last= Burnell|first= Arthur Coke|title= Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Being an Introduction to the Study of South-Indian Inscriptions and MSS.|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ywcIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:0uBSjcXzFNp0oBfKEt|edition= Second enlarged and improved edition|year= 1878|publisher= Trübner & Co|location= London}}
*{{cite book |last= Ojha|first= Gaurishankar Hirachand|title= The Palæography of India/Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā|edition= Third edition|year= 1959|publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal|location= Delhi|language= Hindi}}
{{refend}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Palaeography|*]]
[[Category:Papyrology]]
[[Category:Writing]]