Eta - Revision history

Nick: /* Cyrillic alphabet */

Nick — Fri, 19 Aug 2016 10:10:49 GMT

Cyrillic alphabet

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	===Cyrillic alphabet===		===Cyrillic alphabet===
	Eta was also borrowed with the sound value of [i] into the [[Cyrillic alphabet]], where it gave rise to the Cyrillic letter [[I (Cyrillic)\|И]].		Eta was also borrowed with the sound value of [i] into the [[Cyrillic alphabet]], where it gave rise to the Cyrillic letter [[I (Cyrillic)\|И]].
		+
		+	===The Status of η===
		+	Randall Buth comments on pages 221-222 of his paper,"Ἡ Κοινὴ Προφορά," the following:
		+
		+	:While the decision on the above four phonemic vowel sounds was easy and unambiguous, there are several points where a more cautious judgment and approach are necessary. The vowel η has a more stable spelling history in spite of apparent changes in sound.
		+
		+	:The vowel η became like ι and ει by the third century CE.11 Gignac is of the opinion that η merged with ι in sound in the second century CE12. This means that some might want to drop this distinct sound from their Koiné inventory. Such a decision would fit with the general trend of the language and fits smoothly with Modern Greek. (Principle #4.) However, because of the long stability of distinction of [η] from [ι] during 300 BCE to 150 CE, the spelling of η appears to be more stable in the following centuries as a "historical spelling". The sound had changed but most people kept spelling words correctly according to the older spelling tradition. Historical spelling is a common phenomenon among languages. Broadly speaking, it would appear that most people correctly used η as an equivalent for a close/mid-high [e] sound in the early Roman period. Consequently, we may conclude that most speakers in the first century still maintained η as a separate phoneme. We may, for example, expect that Luke's audiences expected to hear it or that Paul used it when preaching all over the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, there were people using Greek who were controlling this η vowel in a substandard manner and by the end of the Roman period it had disappeared from Greek speech, probably first among the uneducated and then by the upperclass.
		+
		+	:η: The interchange of ει/ι for η and η for ει/ι. These are late second century CE.
		+	:John 10:41 p66 ειν (corrected to ην) ἦν 'was' (200 CE)
		+	:John 11:44 p66, 75 κηριαις κειρίαις ‘cloth strips’ (200 CE)
		+	:2Cor 12:21 p46 ταπεινωσει ταπεινώσῃ ‘humbles’ (200 CE)
		+
		+	:These manuscripts were written at a time when ει sounded like ι and they show such confusion of ει as ι elsewhere in their writing (e.g., p46 Rom 8:32 ημειν for ἡμῖν. p66,75 John 3:10 γεινωσκεις for γινώσκεις ) so these alternations of η and ει appear to reflect the [i] sound for η.
		+
		+	:Living Koine Greek includes η as a separate vowel sound. It appears to have still had popular phonemic status in the early Roman period, so the phonemic principle (#2) supports this inclusion of a separate sound for η. It also carries a fairly heavy functional load within the phonological system so this is worthwhile keeping.

	==Uses==		==Uses==

Beza 1598: /* References */

Beza 1598 — Thu, 10 Mar 2016 08:06:17 GMT

References

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	[[Category:Greek letters]]		[[Category:Greek letters]]
	[[Category:Vowel letters]]		[[Category:Vowel letters]]
		+
		+	{{Donate}}

Nick: Protected "Eta" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

Nick — Mon, 07 Mar 2011 12:43:26 GMT

Protected "Eta" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

←Older revision

Revision as of 12:43, 7 March 2011

Nick: /* Consonant h */

Nick — Mon, 07 Mar 2011 12:42:13 GMT

Consonant h

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 7 March 2011
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	===Consonant h===		===Consonant h===
-	[[image:41 - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Ostracism against Megakles (487 BC) - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Eta ([[Heta]]) in the function of /h/ on the [[ostrakon]] of [[Megacles]], son of Hippocrates, 487 BC. Inscription: ΜΕΓΑΚLES HIΠΠΟΚRATOS. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]
	[[image:Hermes e Sarpedon.jpg\|thumb\|Eta in the function of /h/ on an Attic [[Red-figure pottery\|red-figured]] [[calyx]]-[[krater]], 515 BC. Amongst the depicted figures are [[Hermes]] and [[Hypnos]]. Inscriptions: HERMES - HYPNOS.]]		[[image:Hermes e Sarpedon.jpg\|thumb\|Eta in the function of /h/ on an Attic [[Red-figure pottery\|red-figured]] [[calyx]]-[[krater]], 515 BC. Amongst the depicted figures are [[Hermes]] and [[Hypnos]]. Inscriptions: HERMES - HYPNOS.]]

Nick at 18:47, 6 March 2011

Nick — Sun, 06 Mar 2011 18:47:10 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:47, 6 March 2011
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-	[[image:eta.png\|thumb\|~~100px~~\|Eta]]	+	[[image:eta.png\|thumb\|200px\|Eta]]
	'''Eta''' (uppercase '''Η''', lowercase '''η''') '''ἦτα''') is the seventh letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 8. Letters that arose from Eta include the Latin [[H]] and the Cyrillic letter [[I (Cyrillic)\|И]].		'''Eta''' (uppercase '''Η''', lowercase '''η''') '''ἦτα''') is the seventh letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 8. Letters that arose from Eta include the Latin [[H]] and the Cyrillic letter [[I (Cyrillic)\|И]].

Nick at 18:46, 6 March 2011

Nick — Sun, 06 Mar 2011 18:46:31 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 6 March 2011
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		+	[[image:eta.png\|thumb\|100px\|Eta]]
	'''Eta''' (uppercase '''Η''', lowercase '''η''') '''ἦτα''') is the seventh letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 8. Letters that arose from Eta include the Latin [[H]] and the Cyrillic letter [[I (Cyrillic)\|И]].		'''Eta''' (uppercase '''Η''', lowercase '''η''') '''ἦτα''') is the seventh letter of the [[Greek alphabet]]. In the system of [[Greek numerals]] it has a value of 8. Letters that arose from Eta include the Latin [[H]] and the Cyrillic letter [[I (Cyrillic)\|И]].

Nick: /* Consonant h */

Nick — Sun, 06 Mar 2011 18:44:55 GMT

Consonant h

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 6 March 2011
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	===Consonant h===		===Consonant h===
-	[[image:41 - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Ostracism against Megakles ([[487 BC]]) - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Eta ([[Heta]]) in the function of /h/ on the [[ostrakon]] of [[Megacles]], son of Hippocrates, 487 BC. Inscription: ΜΕΓΑΚLES HIΠΠΟΚRATOS. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]	+	[[image:41 - Stoà of Attalus Museum - Ostracism against Megakles (487 BC) - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, Nov 9 2009.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Eta ([[Heta]]) in the function of /h/ on the [[ostrakon]] of [[Megacles]], son of Hippocrates, 487 BC. Inscription: ΜΕΓΑΚLES HIΠΠΟΚRATOS. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the [[Stoa of Attalus]].]]
	[[image:Hermes e Sarpedon.jpg\|thumb\|Eta in the function of /h/ on an Attic [[Red-figure pottery\|red-figured]] [[calyx]]-[[krater]], 515 BC. Amongst the depicted figures are [[Hermes]] and [[Hypnos]]. Inscriptions: HERMES - HYPNOS.]]		[[image:Hermes e Sarpedon.jpg\|thumb\|Eta in the function of /h/ on an Attic [[Red-figure pottery\|red-figured]] [[calyx]]-[[krater]], 515 BC. Amongst the depicted figures are [[Hermes]] and [[Hypnos]]. Inscriptions: HERMES - HYPNOS.]]

Nick: /* References */

Nick — Sun, 06 Mar 2011 18:42:25 GMT

References

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:42, 6 March 2011
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	==References==		==References==
		+	* 1. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=IeHmqKY2BqoC New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin] (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 10–20. ISBN 0195083458. .
		+	* 2. [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/unicode_aitch.html Nick Nicholas (2003), "Greek /h/"]

	[[Category:Greek letters]]		[[Category:Greek letters]]
	[[Category:Vowel letters]]		[[Category:Vowel letters]]

Nick: /* Long e */

Nick — Sun, 06 Mar 2011 18:41:11 GMT

Long e

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:41, 6 March 2011
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	In the East [[Ionic dialect]], however, the sound /h/ disappeared by the sixth century BC, and the letter was re-used initially to represent a development of a long vowel /aː/, which later merged in East Ionic with /ɛː/ instead.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[403 BC]], [[Athens]] took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H (even though it still also had the /h/ sound itself at that time). This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece.		In the East [[Ionic dialect]], however, the sound /h/ disappeared by the sixth century BC, and the letter was re-used initially to represent a development of a long vowel /aː/, which later merged in East Ionic with /ɛː/ instead.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[403 BC]], [[Athens]] took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H (even though it still also had the /h/ sound itself at that time). This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece.

-	Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet ([[epichoric alphabets]]), in dialects that still preserved the sound /h/, employed various glyph shapes for consonantal Heta side by side with the new vocalic Eta for some time. One of them was a tack-like shape, looking like the left half of an H. This system was first used in the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum. When Greek orthography was codified by grammarians in the Hellenistic era, they used a [[diacritic]] symbol derived from this half-H shape to signal the presence of /h/, and added as its counterpart a reverse-shaped diacritic to denote absence of /h/. These symbols were the origin of the [[rough breathing]] and [[smooth breathing]] diacritics that became part of classical Greek orthography.<sup>[]</sup> The tack symbol has been reintroduced into modern scholarly representation of archaic Greek writing under the name of [[Heta (letter)\|Heta]].	+	Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet ([[epichoric alphabets]]), in dialects that still preserved the sound /h/, employed various glyph shapes for consonantal Heta side by side with the new vocalic Eta for some time. One of them was a tack-like shape, looking like the left half of an H. This system was first used in the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum. When Greek orthography was codified by grammarians in the Hellenistic era, they used a [[diacritic]] symbol derived from this half-H shape to signal the presence of /h/, and added as its counterpart a reverse-shaped diacritic to denote absence of /h/. These symbols were the origin of the [[rough breathing]] and [[smooth breathing]] diacritics that became part of classical Greek orthography.<sup>[2]</sup> The tack symbol has been reintroduced into modern scholarly representation of archaic Greek writing under the name of [[Heta (letter)\|Heta]].

	===Iotacism===		===Iotacism===

Nick: /* Long e */

Nick — Sun, 06 Mar 2011 18:40:57 GMT

Long e

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:40, 6 March 2011
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	===Long e===		===Long e===
-	In the East [[Ionic dialect]], however, the sound /h/ disappeared by the sixth century BC, and the letter was re-used initially to represent a development of a long vowel /aː/, which later merged in East Ionic with /ɛː/ instead.<sup>[]</sup> In [[403 BC]], [[Athens]] took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H (even though it still also had the /h/ sound itself at that time). This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece.	+	In the East [[Ionic dialect]], however, the sound /h/ disappeared by the sixth century BC, and the letter was re-used initially to represent a development of a long vowel /aː/, which later merged in East Ionic with /ɛː/ instead.<sup>[1]</sup> In [[403 BC]], [[Athens]] took over the Ionian spelling system and with it the vocalic use of H (even though it still also had the /h/ sound itself at that time). This later became the standard orthography in all of Greece.

	Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet ([[epichoric alphabets]]), in dialects that still preserved the sound /h/, employed various glyph shapes for consonantal Heta side by side with the new vocalic Eta for some time. One of them was a tack-like shape, looking like the left half of an H. This system was first used in the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum. When Greek orthography was codified by grammarians in the Hellenistic era, they used a [[diacritic]] symbol derived from this half-H shape to signal the presence of /h/, and added as its counterpart a reverse-shaped diacritic to denote absence of /h/. These symbols were the origin of the [[rough breathing]] and [[smooth breathing]] diacritics that became part of classical Greek orthography.<sup>[]</sup> The tack symbol has been reintroduced into modern scholarly representation of archaic Greek writing under the name of [[Heta (letter)\|Heta]].		Other regional variants of the Greek alphabet ([[epichoric alphabets]]), in dialects that still preserved the sound /h/, employed various glyph shapes for consonantal Heta side by side with the new vocalic Eta for some time. One of them was a tack-like shape, looking like the left half of an H. This system was first used in the southern Italian colonies of Heracleia and Tarentum. When Greek orthography was codified by grammarians in the Hellenistic era, they used a [[diacritic]] symbol derived from this half-H shape to signal the presence of /h/, and added as its counterpart a reverse-shaped diacritic to denote absence of /h/. These symbols were the origin of the [[rough breathing]] and [[smooth breathing]] diacritics that became part of classical Greek orthography.<sup>[]</sup> The tack symbol has been reintroduced into modern scholarly representation of archaic Greek writing under the name of [[Heta (letter)\|Heta]].