Ketuvim - Revision history

Beza 1598 at 14:32, 11 March 2016

Beza 1598 — Fri, 11 Mar 2016 14:32:06 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 14:32, 11 March 2016
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	*[http://www.virtualcantor.com/ Virtual Cantor] - contains MP3 recordings of all five ''megillot'' with Esther in two versions (normal tempo and slower learning speed). Free to listen, MP3 disk may be purchased.		*[http://www.virtualcantor.com/ Virtual Cantor] - contains MP3 recordings of all five ''megillot'' with Esther in two versions (normal tempo and slower learning speed). Free to listen, MP3 disk may be purchased.
	*[http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/music/purim/purim_eng.htm#kipur "Potpourri for Purim"] Melodies for Megillat Ester in several traditions		*[http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/music/purim/purim_eng.htm#kipur "Potpourri for Purim"] Melodies for Megillat Ester in several traditions
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		+	{{Donate}}

Nick: Protected "Ketuvim" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

Nick — Thu, 13 Sep 2012 07:22:35 GMT

Protected "Ketuvim" [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed]

←Older revision

Revision as of 07:22, 13 September 2012

Nick at 19:23, 25 April 2009

Nick — Sat, 25 Apr 2009 19:23:06 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 25 April 2009
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	'''Ketuvim''', "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."		'''Ketuvim''', "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."
-	~~{{Books of Ketuvim}}~~
-

	In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).		In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).

Nick at 19:21, 25 April 2009

Nick — Sat, 25 Apr 2009 19:21:13 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 25 April 2009
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	'''Ketuvim''', "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."		'''Ketuvim''', "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."
		+	{{Books of Ketuvim}}
		+

	In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).		In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).

Nick at 19:18, 25 April 2009

Nick — Sat, 25 Apr 2009 19:18:21 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 25 April 2009
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-	'''Ketuvim''' ~~({{lang-he\|כְּתוּבִים}}~~, "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."	+	'''Ketuvim''', "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."
-	~~{{Books of Ketuvim}}~~	+

	In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).		In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles\|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).

Nick: New page: '''Ketuvim''' ({{lang-he|כְּתוּבִים}}, "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah and Nevi'im. In English translations o...

Nick — Sat, 25 Apr 2009 19:17:45 GMT

New page: '''Ketuvim''' ({{lang-he|כְּתוּבִים}}, "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah and Nevi'im. In English translations o...

New page

'''Ketuvim''' ({{lang-he|כְּתוּבִים}}, "writings") is the third and final section of the [[Tanakh]] ([[Hebrew Bible]]), after [[Torah]] and [[Nevi'im]]. In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "'''Writings'''" or "'''Hagiographa'''."
{{Books of Ketuvim}}

In the Jewish textual tradition, [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] is counted as one book. [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there is a total of ''eleven'' books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).

==Special groups of books in Ketuvim==
===The poetic books===
In [[masoretic]] manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their [[Biblical poetry|poetry]]. Collectively, these three books are known as ''Sifrei Emet'' (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields ''Emet'' אמ"ת, which is also the Hebrew for "truth").

These three books are also the only ones in [[Tanakh]] with a special system of [[cantillation]] notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system.

===The five scrolls (''Hamesh Megillot'')===
The five relatively short books of ''[[Song of Songs]]'', ''[[Book of Ruth]]'', ''[[Lamentations]]'', ''[[Ecclesiastes]]'' and ''[[Book of Esther]]'' are collectively known as the ''Hamesh Megillot'' ([[The Five Scrolls]]). These scrolls are traditionally read over the course of the year in many Jewish communities. The list below presents them in the order they are read in the synagogue on holidays, beginning with the ''Song of Solomon'' on [[Passover]].

===Other books===
Besides the three poetic books and the five scrolls, the remaining books in Ketuvim are Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles.

Although there is no formal grouping for these books in the Jewish tradition, they nevertheless share a number of distinguishing characteristics:
*Their narratives all openly describe relatively late events (i.e. the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent restoration of Zion).
*The Talmudic tradition ascribes late authorship to all of them.
*Two of them (Daniel and Ezra) are the only books in [[Tanakh]] with significant portions in [[Biblical Aramaic|Aramaic]].

==Order of the books in Ketuvim==
{{BibleRelated}}
The following list presents the books of '''Ketuvim''' in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of ''Sifrei Emet'' and ''Hamesh Megillot'' (see above).

'''Group I: The Three Poetic Books (Sifrei Emet)'''
* 1. Tehillim (''[[Psalms]]'') תהלים
* 2. Mishlei (''[[Book of Proverbs]]'') משלי
* 3. `Iyyov (''[[Book of Job]]'') איוב
'''Group II: [[The Five Scrolls]] (Hamesh Megillot)'''
* 4. Shir ha-Shirim (''[[Song of Songs]]'') or (''[[Song of Solomon]]'') שיר השירים ([[Passover]])
* 5. Ruth (''[[Book of Ruth]]'') רות ([[Shavuot]])
* 6. Eikhah (''[[Lamentations]]'') איכה ([[Ninth of Av]]) [Also called ''Kinnot'' in Hebrew.]
* 7. Kohelet (''[[Ecclesiastes]]'') קהלת ([[Sukkot]])
* 8. Esther (''[[Book of Esther]]'') אסתר ([[Purim]])
'''Group III: Other Historical Books'''
* 9. Daniel (''[[Book of Daniel]]'') דניאל
* 10. Ezra (''[[Book of Ezra]]''-''[[Book of Nehemiah]]'') עזרא
* 11. Divrei ha-Yamim (''[[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]]'') דברי הימים

==Other ways to order the books==
The '''order''' of the books in '''Ketuvim''' varies in manuscripts and printed editions. Some, for instance, place ''[[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]]'' first instead of last. The above list presents the books in the order found in most common printed versions of the [[Hebrew Bible]] today. Historically, this particular order of the books derives from manuscripts written by the Jews of Ashkenaz (medieval Germany).

The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in '''Ketuvim'''. The [[Talmud|Babylonian Talmud]] (''Bava Batra'' 14b-15a) gives their order as follows: ''Ruth'', ''Psalms'', ''Job'', ''Proverbs'', ''Ecclesiastes'', ''Song of Solomon'', ''Lamentations of Jeremiah'', ''Daniel'', ''Scroll of Esther'', ''Ezra'', ''Chronicles''.

In Tiberian [[masoretic]] codices including the [[Aleppo Codex]] and the [[Leningrad Codex]], and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order or '''Ketuvim''' is as follows: ''Chronicles'', ''Psalms'', ''Job'', ''Proverbs'', ''Ruth'', ''Song of Solomon'', ''Ecclesiastes'', ''Lamentations of Jeremiah'', ''Esther'', ''Daniel'', ''Ezra''.

==Liturgical use==

There is no formal system of synagogal reading of Ketuvim equivalent to the [[Torah portion]] and [[haftarah]].

It is thought that there was once a cycle for reading the Psalms, parallel to the [[triennial cycle]] for Torah reading, as the number of psalms (150) is similar to the number of Torah portions in that cycle, and remnants of this tradition exist in [[Italian Jews#Italian rite Jews|Italy]]. All Jewish liturgies contain copious extracts from the Psalms, but these are normally sung to a regular recitative or rhythmic tune rather than read or chanted. Some communities also have a custom of reading Proverbs in the weeks following [[Passover|Pesach]], and Job on the [[Tisha B'Av|Ninth of Ab]].

The five megillot are read on the festivals, as mentioned above, though Sephardim have no custom of public reading of Song of Songs on Passover or Ecclesiastes on Sukkot.
There are traces of an early custom of reading a haftarah from Ketuvim on Shabbat afternoons, but this does not survive in any community. Some Reform communities that operate a triennial cycle choose haftarot on Shabbat morning from Ketuvim as well as Neviim.

==Cantillation==

Medieval sources speak of three [[cantillation]] melodies, for Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim respectively. Today the position is more complicated.

Oriental Sephardic communities preserve [[Cantillation#Psalms, Proverbs and Job|cantillation systems]] for the three poetic books, namely Psalms, Proverbs and the main part of Job (usually a different melody for each of the three books). No such systems exist in the Ashkenazi or [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Spanish and Portuguese]] traditions. However, the [[Ashkenazic]] [[yeshiva]] known as [[Yeshivat Aderet Eliyahu|Aderet Eliyahu]], or (more informally) ''Zilberman's'', in the Old City of Jerusalem, uses an adaptation of the Syrian cantillation-melody for these books, and this is becoming more popular among other Ashkenazim as well.

In all communities there are special cantillation melodies for Lamentations and Esther, and in some communities for the Song of Songs. Otherwise, the melody for the book of Ruth is considered the "default" melody for books of the Ketuvim not otherwise provided for. The "prose" passages at the beginning and end of the book of Job, as read on Tisha B'Av, may be read either to the tune of Ruth or to one resembling that for the Song of Songs.

==The Targum to Ketuvim==
Western [[targumim]] exist on ''Sifrei Emet'', on the [[Five Megillot]] and on Chronicles, i.e. on all the books of Ketuvim besides Daniel and Ezra (which contain large portions in Aramaic anyway). There are several complementary targumim to Esther.

There is, however, no "official" eastern (Babylonian) targum to Ketuvim, equivalent to [[Targum Onkelos]] on the Torah and [[Targum Jonathan]] on [[Nevi'im]]. In fact, the Babylonian [[Talmud]] explicitly notes the lack of a Targum to Ketuvim, explaining that [[Jonathan ben Uzziel]] was divinely prevented from completing his translation of the Bible. A more prosaic explanation may consist in the lack of formal readings of Ketuvim in the synagogue, making it unnecessary to have an official system for line-by-line translation.

==See also==
*[[Tanakh]]
*[[Books of the Bible]]

==External links==

*[http://www.pizmonim.org David Betesh and the Sephardic Pizmonim Project] - Syrian melodies (all books)
*[http://www.jewishsoftware.com/products/333.asp Tehillim on CD-Rom] - Rabbi Shimon Alouf (Psalms, Syrian tradition).
*[http://www.torahforme.com torahforme.com] Listening and free download of the readings of Tehilim (Psalms) and Iyov (Job) with the Ta'amei Emet cantillation notes
*[http://www.yutorah.org/searchResults.cfm?types=ALL&length=ALL&publication=ALL&categories=ALL&teacher=ALL&masechta=ALL&fromDaf=&toDaf=&series=4022&dates=ALL&language=ALL&keywords=&submitType=advanced Leining Master] (Ashkenazi melodies for five megillot).
*[http://www.613.org/speakers/pinchas.html Cantor Rabinovicz] (at bottom of list; missing Kohelet).
*[http://www.virtualcantor.com/ Virtual Cantor] - contains MP3 recordings of all five ''megillot'' with Esther in two versions (normal tempo and slower learning speed). Free to listen, MP3 disk may be purchased.
*[http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/music/purim/purim_eng.htm#kipur "Potpourri for Purim"] Melodies for Megillat Ester in several traditions