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Third Epistle of John | {{Books of the New Testament}} | ||
[[Image:2 John, 3 John, and Jude in Sinaiticus.jpg|thumb|The end of [[2 John]], continuing on to 3 John, along with the beginning of [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] in [[Codex Sinaiticus]].]] | |||
The '''Third Epistle of John'''The book is sometimes called the '''Third Letter of John''', or simply '''3 John''' (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). 3 John is the third-to-last book of the [[New Testament]] and the Christian Bible as a whole, and attributed to [[John the Evangelist]], traditionally thought to be the author of the [[Gospel of John]] and the other two epistles of John. The Third Epistle of John is a personal letter sent by "the elder" (the [[presbyter]]) to a man named [[Gaius (biblical figure)|Gaius]], recommending to him a group of Christians led by [[Demetrius (biblical figure)|Demetrius]], which had come to preach the gospel in the area where Gaius lived. The purpose of the letter is to encourage and strengthen Gaius, and to warn him against [[Diotrephes]], who refuses to cooperate with the author of the letter. | |||
The language of 3 John echoes that of the Gospel of John, which is conventionally dated to around AD 90, so the epistle was likely written near the end of the first century. Others contest this view, such as the scholar [[John A. T. Robinson]], who dates 3 John to AD 60–65. The location of writing is unknown, but tradition places it in [[Ephesus]]. The epistle is found in many of the oldest New Testament manuscripts, and its text is free of major discrepancies or textual variants. | |||
== Content == | |||
3 John is a personal letter: Alfred Plummer notes that it does not fit with the often-used terminology "[[Catholic epistles]]". It is the shortest book of the Bible by word count, though 2 John has fewer verses. 3 John has 15 verses in the critical [[SBL Greek New Testament]] text, or 14 in the [[Textus Receptus]]. | |||
It is the only New Testament book which does not contain the names "Jesus" or "Christ". The original Greek uses the term Ὀνόματος (Onomatos, verse 7) generally translated "Name" and referring specifically to the "Name of Jesus", but the text does not say "Jesus" or "Christ". | |||
===Greeting and introduction=== | |||
The letter is written to a man named Gaius. Gaius seems to have been a stable man financially, since the epistle's author, who identifies himself only as "the Elder", did not think it would impose unduly on him to host some traveling preachers for a short time. The Elder may have converted Gaius, since he calls Gaius his "child" in the faith. The ''[[Apostolic Constitutions]]'' VII.46.9 records that Gaius was made bishop of [[Pergamon]], though there is no early support for this statement. | |||
The name Gaius occurs four other times in the New Testament. First, a Christian Gaius is mentioned in [[Macedon]]ia as a traveling companion of Paul, along with Aristarchus ([[Acts 19:29]]). One chapter later, a Gaius from [[Derbe]] is named as one of Paul's seven traveling companions who waited for him at [[Troad|Troas]] ([[Acts 20:4]]). Next, a Gaius is mentioned residing in [[Roman Corinth|Corinth]] as being one of only a few people there (the others being Crispus and the household of Stephanas) who were baptised by [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], who founded the Church in that city ([[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] 1:14). Lastly, a Gaius is referred to in a final greeting portion of the [[Epistle to the Romans]] ([[Romans 16:23]]) as Paul's "host" and also host of the whole church, in whatever city Paul is writing from at the time (probably Corinth). However, there is no reason to suppose that any of these men were the Gaius of 3 John. | |||
[[image:MEIJI-MOTOYAKU 3John.png|thumb|Japanese translation of 3 John (1904)]] | |||
===Verse 2=== | |||
:''Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth.'' (KJV) | |||
This verse, where the author wishes material prosperity upon Gaius similar to the prosperity of his soul, is a commonly used proof text within [[prosperity gospel]] teachings; opponents of the prosperity gospel consider the verse to be little more than well-wishing. | |||
===Missionaries=== | |||
The Elder continues the letter by commending Gaius for his loyalty and his hospitality towards a group of traveling "brothers". The "brothers" are brothers in the faith or [[missionary|missionaries]], who in accordance with Jesus's command in [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] 6:8–9 have set out on a journey without any money. The Elder then goes on to request that Gaius provide for the brothers to continue their journey. | |||
===Opposition of Diotrephes=== | |||
The Elder next describes his conflict with [[Diotrephes]], who does not acknowledge the Elder's authority and is [[Excommunication|excommunicating]] those, like Gaius, who welcome missionaries sent by the Elder. In verse 9 the Elder mentions a previous letter which he has written to the church which was suppressed by Diotrephes, and says that he intends to visit the church and to confront Diotrephes. "The church" is apparently known to Gaius, but he is likely not a member of it, since otherwise the Elder would not need to provide him with information about Diotrephes's activities. The dispute between Diotrephes and the Elder seems to be based on church leadership and authority rather than doctrine, since the Elder does not accuse Diotrephes of teaching heresy. | |||
Most scholars do not connect the letter the Elder mentions with 2 John, since 3 John does not contain any reference to the doctrinal controversy described in 2 John, and argue that the Elder is here referring to a previous letter of recommendation. Some argue the Elder is in fact referring to 2 John, since there is overlap between 2 John 9 and the theme of hospitality in 3 John. | |||
The Elder closes this section with an entreaty to Gaius: "Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good. Whoever does good is from God; whoever does evil has not seen God." This injunction is reminiscent of several passages in 1 John (2:3–5, 3:4–10, 4:7). | |||
===Final greetings and conclusion=== | |||
Verse 12 introduces another man named Demetrius, who according to the ''Apostolic Constitutions'' VII.46.9 was ordained by John as bishop of [[Amman#Classical_period|Philadelphia]] (modern [[Amman]], Jordan). Demetrius was probably a member of the group of missionaries discussed earlier in the letter, and 3 John likely serves as a [[recommendation letter]] to Gaius about Demetrius. Recommendation letters were quite common in the early church, as evidenced by 2 Corinthians 3:1, Romans 16:1–2, and Colossians 4:7–8. | |||
The Elder, before ending the letter, says that he has many other things to tell to Gaius, and plans to make a journey to see him in the near future, using almost the exact language of 2 John 12. The closing verse, "Peace be to you. The friends greet you. "But I trust I shall shortly see thee, and we shall speak face to face. Peace be to thee. Our friends salute thee. Greet the friends by name." | |||
==Authorship== | |||
3 John was written by the same author who wrote the [[Gospel of John]], [[2 John]], and [[1 John]] and [[The Book of Revelation]] as well. | |||
There are many similarities between 2 and 3 John. Both follow the format of other personal letters of the era; in both the author self-identifies as "the Presbyter", a term which literally means "the elder"; and both deal with themes of hospitality and conflict within the church. | |||
===Date and location of writing=== | |||
All three letters of John were likely written within a few years of each other, and internal evidence indicates that they were written after the Gospel of John, placing them in the second half of the first century. This dating makes sense given their allusions and opposition to [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] and [[docetism|docetic]] teaching, which denied the full humanity of Jesus, and which was gaining ascendancy at the end of the first century. | |||
The letters do not indicate the location of authorship, but since the earliest quotations of them (in the writings of Polycarp, Papias, and Irenaeus) come from the province of [[Asia Minor]], it is likely that the epistles were also written in Asia. Church tradition typically places them in the city of [[Ephesus]]. | |||
Jerome himself attributed the epistles to John the Apostle. | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[John the Apostle]] | |||
* [[Textual variants in the New Testament#Third Epistle of John|Textual variants in the Third Epistle of John]] | |||
== Notes == | |||
== References == | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
==External links== | |||
[[Category:Third Epistle of John| ]] | |||
[[Category:2nd-century Christian texts]] | |||
[[Category:Catholic epistles|John3]] | |||
[[Category:Johannine literature]] | |||
[[Category:New Testament books|John 3]] | |||
[[Category:Antilegomena]] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Third Epistle of John}} | |||
[[Category:New Testament books|John III]] | |||
{{Donate}} | |||
Latest revision as of 10:42, 15 June 2026
See Also: Old Testament |
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The Third Epistle of JohnThe book is sometimes called the Third Letter of John, or simply 3 John (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). 3 John is the third-to-last book of the New Testament and the Christian Bible as a whole, and attributed to John the Evangelist, traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two epistles of John. The Third Epistle of John is a personal letter sent by "the elder" (the presbyter) to a man named Gaius, recommending to him a group of Christians led by Demetrius, which had come to preach the gospel in the area where Gaius lived. The purpose of the letter is to encourage and strengthen Gaius, and to warn him against Diotrephes, who refuses to cooperate with the author of the letter.
The language of 3 John echoes that of the Gospel of John, which is conventionally dated to around AD 90, so the epistle was likely written near the end of the first century. Others contest this view, such as the scholar John A. T. Robinson, who dates 3 John to AD 60–65. The location of writing is unknown, but tradition places it in Ephesus. The epistle is found in many of the oldest New Testament manuscripts, and its text is free of major discrepancies or textual variants.
Content
3 John is a personal letter: Alfred Plummer notes that it does not fit with the often-used terminology "Catholic epistles". It is the shortest book of the Bible by word count, though 2 John has fewer verses. 3 John has 15 verses in the critical SBL Greek New Testament text, or 14 in the Textus Receptus.
It is the only New Testament book which does not contain the names "Jesus" or "Christ". The original Greek uses the term Ὀνόματος (Onomatos, verse 7) generally translated "Name" and referring specifically to the "Name of Jesus", but the text does not say "Jesus" or "Christ".
Greeting and introduction
The letter is written to a man named Gaius. Gaius seems to have been a stable man financially, since the epistle's author, who identifies himself only as "the Elder", did not think it would impose unduly on him to host some traveling preachers for a short time. The Elder may have converted Gaius, since he calls Gaius his "child" in the faith. The Apostolic Constitutions VII.46.9 records that Gaius was made bishop of Pergamon, though there is no early support for this statement.
The name Gaius occurs four other times in the New Testament. First, a Christian Gaius is mentioned in Macedonia as a traveling companion of Paul, along with Aristarchus (Acts 19:29). One chapter later, a Gaius from Derbe is named as one of Paul's seven traveling companions who waited for him at Troas (Acts 20:4). Next, a Gaius is mentioned residing in Corinth as being one of only a few people there (the others being Crispus and the household of Stephanas) who were baptised by Paul, who founded the Church in that city (1 Corinthians 1:14). Lastly, a Gaius is referred to in a final greeting portion of the Epistle to the Romans (Romans 16:23) as Paul's "host" and also host of the whole church, in whatever city Paul is writing from at the time (probably Corinth). However, there is no reason to suppose that any of these men were the Gaius of 3 John.
Verse 2
- Beloved, I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth. (KJV)
This verse, where the author wishes material prosperity upon Gaius similar to the prosperity of his soul, is a commonly used proof text within prosperity gospel teachings; opponents of the prosperity gospel consider the verse to be little more than well-wishing.
Missionaries
The Elder continues the letter by commending Gaius for his loyalty and his hospitality towards a group of traveling "brothers". The "brothers" are brothers in the faith or missionaries, who in accordance with Jesus's command in Mark 6:8–9 have set out on a journey without any money. The Elder then goes on to request that Gaius provide for the brothers to continue their journey.
Opposition of Diotrephes
The Elder next describes his conflict with Diotrephes, who does not acknowledge the Elder's authority and is excommunicating those, like Gaius, who welcome missionaries sent by the Elder. In verse 9 the Elder mentions a previous letter which he has written to the church which was suppressed by Diotrephes, and says that he intends to visit the church and to confront Diotrephes. "The church" is apparently known to Gaius, but he is likely not a member of it, since otherwise the Elder would not need to provide him with information about Diotrephes's activities. The dispute between Diotrephes and the Elder seems to be based on church leadership and authority rather than doctrine, since the Elder does not accuse Diotrephes of teaching heresy.
Most scholars do not connect the letter the Elder mentions with 2 John, since 3 John does not contain any reference to the doctrinal controversy described in 2 John, and argue that the Elder is here referring to a previous letter of recommendation. Some argue the Elder is in fact referring to 2 John, since there is overlap between 2 John 9 and the theme of hospitality in 3 John.
The Elder closes this section with an entreaty to Gaius: "Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good. Whoever does good is from God; whoever does evil has not seen God." This injunction is reminiscent of several passages in 1 John (2:3–5, 3:4–10, 4:7).
Final greetings and conclusion
Verse 12 introduces another man named Demetrius, who according to the Apostolic Constitutions VII.46.9 was ordained by John as bishop of Philadelphia (modern Amman, Jordan). Demetrius was probably a member of the group of missionaries discussed earlier in the letter, and 3 John likely serves as a recommendation letter to Gaius about Demetrius. Recommendation letters were quite common in the early church, as evidenced by 2 Corinthians 3:1, Romans 16:1–2, and Colossians 4:7–8.
The Elder, before ending the letter, says that he has many other things to tell to Gaius, and plans to make a journey to see him in the near future, using almost the exact language of 2 John 12. The closing verse, "Peace be to you. The friends greet you. "But I trust I shall shortly see thee, and we shall speak face to face. Peace be to thee. Our friends salute thee. Greet the friends by name."
Authorship
3 John was written by the same author who wrote the Gospel of John, 2 John, and 1 John and The Book of Revelation as well.
There are many similarities between 2 and 3 John. Both follow the format of other personal letters of the era; in both the author self-identifies as "the Presbyter", a term which literally means "the elder"; and both deal with themes of hospitality and conflict within the church.
Date and location of writing
All three letters of John were likely written within a few years of each other, and internal evidence indicates that they were written after the Gospel of John, placing them in the second half of the first century. This dating makes sense given their allusions and opposition to Gnostic and docetic teaching, which denied the full humanity of Jesus, and which was gaining ascendancy at the end of the first century.
The letters do not indicate the location of authorship, but since the earliest quotations of them (in the writings of Polycarp, Papias, and Irenaeus) come from the province of Asia Minor, it is likely that the epistles were also written in Asia. Church tradition typically places them in the city of Ephesus.
Jerome himself attributed the epistles to John the Apostle.
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
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List of New Testament lectionaries
1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25 · 25b · 26 · 27 · 28 · 29 · 30 · 31 · 32 · 33 · 34 · 35 · 36 · 37 · 38 · 39 · 40 · 41 · 42 · 43 · 44 · 45 · 46 · 47 · 48 · 49 · 50 · 51 · 52 · 53 · 54 · 55 · 56 · 57 · 58 · 59 · 60 · 61 · 62 · 63 · 64 · 65 · 66 · 67 · 68 · 69 · 70 · 71 · 72 · 73 · 74 · 75 · 76 · 77 · 78 · 79 · 80 · 81 · 82 · 83 · 84 · 85 · 86 · 87 · 88 · 89 · 90 · 91 · 92 · 93 · 94 · 95 · 96 · 97 · 98 · 99 · 100 · 101 · 102 · 103 · 104 · 105 · 106 · 107 · 108 · 109 · 110 · 111 · 112 · 113 · 114 · 115 · 116 · 117 · 118 · 119 · 120 · 121 · 122 · 123 · 124 · 125 · 126 · 127 · 128 · 129 · 130 · 131 · 132 · 133 · 134 · 135 · 136 · 137 · 138 · 139 · 140 · 141 · 142 · 143 · 144 · 145 · 146 · 147 · 148 · 149 · 150 · 151 · 152 · 153 · 154 · 155 · 156 · 157 · 158 · 159 · 160 · 161 · 162 · 163 · 164 · 165 · 166 · 167 · 168 · 169 · 170 · 171 · 172 · 173 · 174 · 175 · 176 · 177 · 178 · 179 · 180 · 181 · 182 · 183 · 184 · 185 · 186 · 187 · 188 · 189 · 190 · 191 · 192 · 193 · 194 · 195 · 196 · 197 · 198 · 199 · 200 · 201 · 202 · 203 · 204 · 205 · 206a · 206b · 207 · 208 · 209 · 210 · 211 · 212 · 213 · 214 · 215 · 216 · 217 · 218 · 219 · 220 · 221 · 222 · 223 · 224 · 225 · 226 · 227 · 228 · 229 · 230 · 231 · 232 · 233 · 234 · 235 · 236 · 237 · 238 · 239 · 240 · 241 · 242 · 243 · 244 · 245 · 246 · 247 · 248 · 249 · 250 · 251 · 252 · 253 · 254 · 255 · 256 · 257 · 258 · 259 · 260 · 261 · 262 · 263 · 264 · 265 · 266 · 267 · 268 · 269 · 270 · 271 · 272 · 273 · 274 · 275 · 276 · 277 · 278 · 279 · 280 · 281 · 282 · 283 · 284 · 285 · 286 · 287 · 288 · 289 · 290 · 291 · 292 · 293 · 294 · 295 · 296 · 297 · 298 · 299 · 300 · 301 · 302 · 303 · 304 · 305 · 306 · 307 · 308 · 309 · 310 · 311 · 312 · 313 · 314 · 315 · 316 · 317 · 318 · 319 · 320 · 321 · 322 · 323 · 324 · 325 · 326 · 327 · 328 · 329 · 330 · 331 · 332 · 368 · 449 · 451 · 501 · 502 · 542 · 560 · 561 · 562 · 563 · 564 · 648 · 649 · 809 · 965 · 1033 · 1358 · 1386 · 1491 · 1423 · 1561 · 1575 · 1598 · 1599 · 1602 · 1604 · 1614 · 1619 · 1623 · 1637 · 1681 · 1682 · 1683 · 1684 · 1685 · 1686 · 1691 · 1813 · 1839 · 1965 · 1966 · 1967 · 2005 · 2137 · 2138 · 2139 · 2140 · 2141 · 2142 · 2143 · 2144 · 2145 · 2164 · 2208 · 2210 · 2211 · 2260 · 2261 · 2263 · 2264 · 2265 · 2266 · 2267 · 2276 · 2307 · 2321 · 2352 · 2404 · 2405 · 2406 · 2411 · 2412 ·
See Also: New Testament |
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See Also: Old Testament |
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